Enkola y’okuddukanya obukuumi bwa bbaatule kye ki?
Enzirukanya y’obukuumi .
Enkola y’okuddukanya obukuumi bwa bbaatule okusinga ekakasa nti bbaatule ekola bulungi era nga nnungi, okugiremesa okukwata omuliro olw’ebbugumu eringi oba okulemererwa olw’ebbugumu eri wansi. Olw’okuba bbaatule y’ekyuma kya vvulovumenti ekya waggulu-, enkola ey’okukuuma ebyuma ebiziyiza omuliro (voltage insulation protection system) eya waggulu yeetaagibwa okukakasa obukuumi bw’abantu ababeera mu mmotoka n’abatembeeyi. Enkola y’okuddukanya obukuumi bwa bbaatule erina okusobola okutumbula omutindo gwa bbaatule n’emmotoka zombi ate nga zikakasa nti mmotoka ekola bulungi. Okukola enkola z’okuddukanya obukuumi bwa bbaatule kikulu nnyo okulaba ng’obulamu n’ebintu bikuumibwa bulungi n’okutumbula enkulaakulana y’emmotoka ez’amasannyalaze.
Enkola y'okugezesa okuziyiza omusana -Voltage .
ebyuma ebitereka amaanyi mu mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze, gamba nga bbaatule z’amasannyalaze, obutoffaali obukola amafuta, oba supercapacitors, bikola ku vvulovumenti ezisukka wala voltage etaliiko bulabe eri omubiri gw’omuntu; Bbaasi ezimu ez’amasannyalaze zituuka n’okubeera ne bbaatule ezikola ku 600V. Enkola y’okuziyiza (insulation performance) y’ebintu ebiziyiza omusana mu mmotoka egenda kwonooneka mpolampola nga ekozesebwa olw’okwambala n’okukutuka, era obunnyogovu obweyongedde era bukendeeza ku nkola y’okuziyiza wakati wa bbaatule y’amaanyi ga vvulovumenti eya waggulu- ne chassis. Insulation layer ya battery’s positive ne negative terminals bwe yambalwa okuyita mu kukwatagana ne chassis, leakage current loop etondebwawo, nga ekosa enkola ya motor controller, ebirala low-ebyuma by’amasannyalaze ebya voltage, n’okutuuka n’okuteeka mu kabi obukuumi bw’abasaabaze. Bwe kiziyiza wakati w’ensonga eziwera eza circuit ya battery pack ne chassis emyaka, self-okufuluma n’okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’amasoboza bibaawo, ekiyinza okuvaako omuliro mu mbeera enzibu. Okukakasa nti mmotoka ekola bulungi, ekyuma ekizuula omutindo gw’okuziyiza (insulation performance detection device) kiteekwa okuteekebwawo okulondoola obuziyiza bw’okuziyiza (insulation resistance) wakati w’enkola ya high-Voltage ne chassis mu kiseera ekituufu.
Enkola ezikozesebwa ennyo ez’okukebera ebyuma ebiziyiza omusana mulimu:
1. Enkola y’okupima okukulukuta obutereevu .
Mu nkola za DC, eno y’enkola ennyangu era ey’omugaso. Teeka multimeter ku current range era ogiyunge mu series wakati wa positive terminal ya battery pack ne device casing (oba ground). Kino kijja kuzuula akasannyalazo akakulukuta wakati wa negativu ya battery pack ne casing. Mu ngeri y’emu, esobola okuyungibwa mu series wakati wa negativu terminal ne casing okuzuula leakage current wakati wa positive terminal ne casing. Enkola eno nnyangu era nnyangu okussa mu nkola, era etera okukozesebwa mu ON-okuzuula ensobi mu kifo n’okukebera mmotoka eza bulijjo.
2. Enkola y’okutegeera eriwo kati .
Sensulo ya hall effect current nkola ya bulijjo okuzuula okukulukuta mu nkola za DC eza waggulu-Voltage. Bbaasi z’amaanyi amalungi n’eza negatiivu ez’enkola ya bbaatule ziyisibwa wamu mu kkubo lye limu okuyita mu sensa eriwo kati. Bwe waba tewali kasannyalazo akakulukuta, akasannyalazo akakulukuta okuva ku kitundu kya positiivu lwenkana n’akasannyalazo akadda ku kitundu ekibi. N’olwekyo, akasannyalazo akayita mu sensa ya kasasiro kali ziro, era vvulovumenti ya sensa efuluma eya kasasiro eri zero. Okukulukuta bwe kubaawo, vvulovumenti ya sensa efuluma eya kasasiro si zero. Akabonero ka vvulovumenti eno kayinza okukozesebwa okwongera okuzuula oba akasannyalazo akakulukuta kasibuka mu kitundu kya positiivu oba negativu eky’amasannyalaze. Wabula enkola eno ey’okugezesa yeetaaga bbaatule egezesebwa okusobola okukola, nga current ekulukuta okuyingira n’okufuluma. Tekisobola kwekenneenya nkola ya bbaatule ey'okuziyiza okugwa wansi w'embeera ya NO-Load.
3. Enkola y’okupima mita ya insulation resistance .
Enkola eno ekozesa mita ya resistance ya insulation okupima omuwendo gw’obuziyiza bwa insulation. Mita y’okuziyiza okuziyiza (insulation resistance meter), emanyiddwa ennyo nga megohmmeter, etera okuweebwa amaanyi g’omukono-enjatika eya cranked, kyeyava era eyitibwa megohmmeter. Minzaani yaayo yeesigamiziddwa ku kuziyiza okuziyiza (insulation resistance) era nga kye kipimo ekitera okukozesebwa mu by’amasannyalaze. Enkola yaayo ey’okukola eragiddwa mu kifaananyi 8-29.
Ekintu kino kikola nga kicamula ekyuma oba omukutu ogugezesebwa ne vvulovumenti, olwo ne kipima akasannyalazo akakolebwa okusikirizibwa, era nga tukozesa etteeka lya Ohm okupima obuziyiza. Mita y’obuziyiza bw’okuziyiza (insulation resistance meter) okusinga erimu ebitundu bibiri: omukono-Generator eya cranked ne magnetoelectric ratio meter. Nga okola cranking omukono, omukono-Generator eya cranked ekola AC high voltage, etereezebwa diode okusobola okuwa DC high voltage okupima. Mita y’omugerageranyo gwa magnetoelectric olwo n’epima omugerageranyo gwa kasasiro mu koyilo ya vvulovumenti ne koyilo ya kasasiro, ate ekiraga nti ekisengejja kiraga ekipimo kya resistance.
Enkola essatu ezo waggulu zonna zikozesa ebyuma eby’obwannannyini okugezesa obuziyiza bwa leakage current ne insulation, ekiraga obuzibu obumu obw’okugatta mu nkola z’okuddukanya bbaatule. Enkola z’okupima circuit zisinga kukozesebwa mu nkola z’okuddukanya bbaatule. Enkola y’okupima kwa DC voltage insulation ekozesebwa ennyo eragiddwa mu kifaananyi 8-30.
Mu kifaananyi kino ekya bulooka, R₁, R2, R₃, ne R₄ biri waggulu-ebiziyiza ebiziyiza (okugeza, 500kω oba okusingawo), okukakasa nti omutindo gw’okuziyiza tegukendeera mu ngeri ya kikugu mu kupima. Rₙ ne Rₚ ze ziziyiza okuziyiza (insulation resistances) kwa terminal za positive ne negativu eza bbaatule y’amasannyalaze eri omubiri gw’emmotoka. R' ne R" ze resistors ezigabanya voltage nga zirina obuziyiza obutono (okugeza, okwetoloola 2000Ω), okusobozesa a-D chip y'okukyusa okufuna MV-obubonero bwa analog obw'omutendera okubuna.
Sswiiki S bweba mu mbeera ya OFF, emiwendo gya vvulovumenti okuyita mu Rₙ ne R 6 giyinza okufunibwa okuyita mu kipimo ekipima, ekivaamu ensengekera eno wammanga:
Mu nsengekera, V3 ne V2 zikiikirira vvulovumenti okutuuka ku ttaka lya bbaasi za positiivu ne negatiivu nga switch S eggule.
Mu ngeri y’emu, switch s bw’eggalwa, ensengekera endala esobola okufunibwa:
Mu nsengekera, V’₁ ne V’2 zikiikirira vvulovumenti za busbar ennungi ne negativu okutuuka ku ttaka nga S eggaddwa.
Okuva emiwendo gy’obuziyiza egy’ebiziyiza eby’omuddiring’anwa R₁, R2, R 6, R2, R, ne R’ bwe gimanyiddwa, ensengekera y’ennyingo (8-5) ne (8-6) esobola okukozesebwa okugonjoola ku R₊ ne R2.
Enkola endala ez’okupima okuziyiza okuziyiza (insulation resistance methods) ezikozesebwa mu nkola z’okuddukanya bbaatule mulimu enkola ya balanced bridge, enkola ya high-Frequency signal injection, n’enkola ya auxiliary power supply. Nga vvulovumenti ya bbaatule z’amasannyalaze zeeyongera era ng’okukozesebwa kwazo kweyongera okubuna, obukuumi bw’okuziyiza okuyingira kw’amasannyalaze mu mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze bweyongera okuba obukulu, era abanoonyereza buli kiseera bategeka n’okukakasa enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okulondoola ebyuma ebiziyiza omuliro.
Amaanyi ag’oku ntikko .
SOP (state of power) ge maanyi agasinga obunene bbaatule bw’esobola okufulumya oba okunyiga mu bbanga eryalagirwa. Peak Power ekozesebwa okwekenneenya okucaajinga n’okusuula ekkomo lya bbaatule y’amasannyalaze wansi w’embeera ez’enjawulo ez’okucaajinga, okukola omulimu omukulu mu kulongoosa okukwatagana wakati wa bbaatule y’amasannyalaze n’omutindo gw’amaanyi g’emmotoka, wamu n’okutumbula omulimu gwa braking ogw’okuzzaawo amasannyalaze. Era erina omugaso omunene ogw’enzikiriziganya n’enkola ey’okukozesa bbaatule mu ngeri ey’amagezi, okwewala okucaajinga ennyo oba okusukka-, okulongoosa obukuumi bwa bbaatule, n’okugaziya obulamu bwa bbaatule. Naye, amaanyi ga bbaatule ku ntikko galina obuzibu bungi obw’obukuumi; Amaanyi ag’oku ntikko gokka munda mu kkomo lino ery’obukuumi ge galina amakulu ag’omugaso. Ekitundu kino kyogera ku bimu ku bipimo bya bbaatule ebikoma ku maanyi ag’oku ntikko n’okunoonyereza ku nkolagana wakati w’obukuumi bwa bbaatule n’amaanyi ag’oku ntikko.
1. Ebbugumu-ebiziyiza ebyesigamiziddwa .
Obutambuzi bwa electrolyte n’emirimu gy’ebintu bya anode ne cathode bikyuka n’ebbugumu, bwe kityo ne kikosa ekkomo erya waggulu erya chajingi ya bbaatule n’amaanyi g’okufulumya. Omutindo gw’ensengekera y’obusannyalazo gukendeera nga ebbugumu likendeera. Ebbugumu era likosa emiwendo gy’entambula ya ion ne obusannyalazo mu kisengejja. Emiwendo gino gyeyongera nga ebbugumu lyeyongera ne vice versa. Ekirala, singa ebbugumu liba waggulu nnyo, nga lisukka ekkomo ly’ebbugumu eryalagirwa, bbalansi y’eddagala eri mu bbaatule ejja kutaataaganyizibwa, ekivaako ensonga z’obukuumi bwa bbaatule.
Nga bwe kiragibwa mu kifaananyi 8-31, amaanyi ag’oku ntikko aga bbaatule gakyuka n’ebbugumu, nga galaga enkokola etali ya nnyiriri mu ngeri etegeerekeka obulungi. Amaanyi ag’oku ntikko gakendeera nga ebbugumu likendeera, nga likyuka mpola ku bbugumu eri wansi. Amaanyi ag’oku ntikko geeyongera nga ebbugumu lyeyongera, naye ebbugumu erisukkiridde lifuula okusaasaanya ebbugumu okuzibu, okukosa obubi obukuumi bwa bbaatule n’obulamu.
2. Embeera y’omusango (SOC) -ebiziyiza ebyesigamiziddwa .
Ekiziyiza kya SOC ku SOP (okutandika okukola) kikoleddwa okuziyiza okucaajinga okusukkiridde n’okusukka-okusuula bbaatule y’amasannyalaze mu kiseera ky’okukola, okukakasa obukuumi bwa bbaatule. Nga tusoma enkolagana wakati w’amaanyi ag’oku ntikko ne SOC, enkola y’ensonga nga ebbugumu n’omuwendo gwa chajingi/okufuuwa ku SOC nayo erina okulowoozebwako okulongoosa obutuufu bw’okupima kwa SOC. Nga bwe kiragibwa mu kifaananyi 8-32, olw’embeera y’ekisannyalazo (SOC), amaanyi g’okufulumya geeyongera ate ng’amaanyi g’okucaajinga gakendeera. Okugeza, mu bbanga lye limu erya SOC, SOC bwe yeeyongera okuva ku 10% okutuuka ku 90%, amaanyi g’okufulumya amazzi ag’oku ntikko geeyongera okuva ku 222W okutuuka ku 693W, ate amaanyi g’okucaajinga ag’oku ntikko gakendeera okuva ku 675W okutuuka ku 300W. Okusoma amaanyi ag’oku ntikko mu mbeera za SOC ez’enjawulo kiyinza okubalirira obusobozi bwa bbaatule okusasuza n’okufulumya, okuwa data n’obuyambi obw’ekikugu okukozesebwa kwayo mu mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze.
3. Ebiziyiza ebisinziira ku kuziyiza kwa OHMIC .
Nga bwe kiragibwa mu kifaananyi 8-33, amaanyi ag’oku ntikko aga bbaatule gageraageranye mu ngeri ey’ekifuulannenge n’obuziyiza bwayo obw’omunda obwa ohmic. Obuziyiza obw’omunda obwa ohmic gye bukoma okuba obutono, n’amaanyi ag’oku ntikko agafuluma gye gakoma okuba amanene era agasingako; Okwawukana ku ekyo, obuziyiza obw’omunda obw’ekika kya ohmic gye bukoma okuba obunene, amaanyi agafuluma ku ntikko gye gakoma okuba amatono era nga gakendeera.
Ebbugumu lya bbaatule, embeera ya chajingi (SOC), n’okuziyiza okw’omunda byonna bikwatagana nnyo n’embeera yaayo ey’obukuumi. N’olwekyo, embeera ya bbaatule ekola (SOP) erina okutuukiriza ebiziyiza ebiteekebwawo ensonga zino essatu okulaba nga zikola bulungi n’okwongera ku bulamu bwayo.
