Okufuna amawulire kye ki?

Enkola z’okufunira amawulire .

Enkola y’okuzuula vvulovumenti y’obutoffaali obumu .

Module y’okufunira voltage ya bbaatule kitundu kikulu nnyo mu nkola y’okuddukanya bbaatule y’amaanyi. Enkola yaayo n’obutuufu bisalawo obutuufu bw’okusalawo kw’enkola y’amawulire agakwata ku mbeera ya bbaatule, era ne kyongera okukosa okussa mu nkola obulungi enkola z’okufuga eziddirira. Enkola ezikozesebwa ennyo okuzuula vvulovumenti y’obutoffaali mulimu enkola ya relay array, enkola y’ensibuko ya current etali ya bulijjo, enkola eyawuddwamu ey’okufunibwa mu kukola, voltage/frequency conversion circuit acquisition, ne linear optocoupler amplifier circuit acquisition enkola.

1. Enkola ya Relay Array .

Ekifaananyi 8-6 kiraga ekifaananyi kya bulooka ekya circuit efunibwa vvulovumenti ya bbaatule okusinziira ku nkola ya relay array. Kirimu sensa ya vvulovumenti ya terminal, ensengekera ya relay, A-D (analog-okugenda-digito) chip, optocoupler, ne multiplexer. Okupima vvulovumenti ya terminal ya N batteries eziyungiddwa mu series, n+1 waya zeetaaga okuyungibwa ku buli node mu battery pack. Nga opimira vvulovumenti ya terminal ya M-th battery, microcontroller esindika signal ekwatagana ey’okufuga, elonda relay esaanira okuyita mu multiplexer, optocoupler, ne relay drive circuit, okuyunga M-TH ne M+1-th waya ku A -D converter chip. Mu ngeri entuufu, obuziyiza bw’ebyuma ebikyusakyusa butono nnyo, era ensobi ereetebwa okuziyiza kw’ebyuma ebikyusakyusa kumpi kutono oluvannyuma lw’okugatta n’enkulungo ya vvulovumenti egabanya. Ekirala, ensengekera ya nkulungo yonna nnyangu; Resistors za voltage divider zokka, chip ya AD converter, ne voltage reference accuracy bye bikosa obutuufu bw’ekivuddemu ekisembayo. Ensobi za resistors ne chip zitera okukolebwa nga ntono nnyo. N’olwekyo, enkola ya relay array esinga kusaanira okukozesebwa okwetaaga okupima vvulovumenti ya bbaatule ey’omuntu ku bubwe waggulu n’obutuufu obw’amaanyi.

2. Enkola y’ensibuko y’amasannyalaze etakyukakyuka .

Enkola enkulu ey’okufunibwa kwa vvulovumenti ya bbaatule ya parallel nga tukozesa ekiyungo ky’ensibuko ya kasasiro ekitali kikyukakyuka kwe kukyusa vvulovumenti ya bbaatule mu siginiini ya kasannyalazo ekyusa mu layini nga tokozesezza resistors ekyusa. Kino kitereeza obusobozi bw'enkola eno-okuyingirira. Mu bbaatule emu-, kubanga vvulovumenti y’enkomerero ya bbaatule eri wansi nnyo, okutwalira awamu wakati wa 2V ne 5V, vvulovumenti ebeera nnywevu nnyo mu kiseera ky’okufulumya, bwe kityo n’erongoosa obusobozi bwa anti-okuyingirira. N’olwekyo, amplifier emu-ekola ku channel etera okulondebwa mu nkola y’okukola dizayini okutuukiriza kino. Olw’enjawulo mu dizayini y’enkulungo n’okukozesa, enzirukanya y’ensibuko ya kasasiro etakyukakyuka esobola okutwala ffoomu nnyingi ez’enjawulo.

Enkulungo eragiddwa mu kifaananyi 8-7 kye kimu ku byokulabirako ng’ebyo; Ye nkulungo y’ensibuko ya kasasiro etali ya bulijjo ekoleddwa mu lunyiriri-Londa amplifier ekola n’ekiziyiza-gate field-effect transistor.

Nga bwe kirabibwa okuva mu nsengeka ya amplifier ekola, circuit eno ye multi-stage direct-coupled amplifier circuit nga eggule waggulu-loop gain ne deep negative feedback. Omutendera gwayo ogw’okuyingiza gukozesa enjawulo ya amplifier circuit era nga gugattibwa ku silicon chip y’emu, ekivaamu okukwatagana okulungi ennyo wakati w’ebintu bino byombi, ate omutendera ogw’omu makkati gulina obusobozi bwa amplification obw’amaanyi. Okusinziira ku nkola ya differential circuits, circuit eno erina strong common-okusonyiwa signal okugaana obusobozi. N’olwekyo, nga okozesa amplifier ekola okupima voltage y’obutoffaali ssekinnoomu mu battery pack, high common-mode okugaana n’okugaziya obusobozi kijja kulongoosa obutuufu bw’okupima. Ennimiro ya insulated-gate-Effect transistor (IGFET) kye kyuma kya semikondokita ekikozesa ekikolwa ky’ennimiro y’amasannyalaze ekya circuit eyingiza okufuga ekisannyalazo ekifuluma. Bwe kikola mu kitundu ekikyukakyuka eky’obuziyiza, akasannyalazo akafuluma I kakwatagana mu layini n’omudumu oguyingira-Source Voltage US. Ekirala, ekikomera-Ensibuko z’ensibuko ya transistor eri waggulu nnyo, ekivaamu akasannyalazo akatono ennyo akakulukuta, ate omudumu-Ensimbi ku-okuziyiza kuba kutono nnyo, ekivaamu wansi nnyo ku-okugwa kwa vvulovumenti mu mbeera. Ekifaananyi 8-7 kikozesa p-okunywezebwa kw'omukutu-Ekifo kya mode-Effici transistor (FET), era Zener diode eyungibwa okukuuma omulyango ogutali gukyukakyuka-Voltage ya UCS y'amasannyalaze. Amplifier ekola emirimu ekola mu kitundu kya layini. Singa low on-okuziyiza FET kulondebwa, okugwa kwa vvulovumenti ku mbeera tekuli kwa maanyi. N'olw'ekyo,

Etuukirira .

Mu nsengekera ezo waggulu, enjawulo wakati wa U₁ ne U2 ye vvulovumenti ya battery terminal, ate U₁ ye vvulovumenti efuluma eya inverting operational amplifier circuit. Kyangu okulaba nti Zener diode eyungiddwa ku output ya operational amplifier egaba feedback, okukuuma circuit mu mbeera ya balanced. V₀ ↑→ |UZ| ↓→ IL ↓→ |Vr| ↓→ VI ↑→ |V₀| ↓. awali V₀ ye vvulovumenti efuluma eya amplifier ekola; VR ye vvulovumenti okuyita mu resistors R1; ne VI ye vvulovumenti ya ddiferensiali eyingizibwa eya amplifier ekola, kwe kugamba, VI=u₁ - u2. Enkulungo bw’eba mu bbalansi, VI=0. Circuit y’ensibuko y’amasannyalaze etakyukakyuka erina ensengekera ennyangu, ey’amaanyi eya bulijjo-okugaana kw’enkola, obutuufu bw’okufunibwa okw’amaanyi, n’enkola ennungi.

3. Okwekutula ku kirungo ekikola ku kukola .

Amplifier ey’okukola ey’okwekutula (isolation operational amplifier) ​​kye kitundu eky’obusannyalazo ekisobola okwawula amasannyalaze obubonero bwa analog. Ekozesebwa nnyo nga isolators mu industrial process control era nga isolation media mu byuma eby’enjawulo ebigaba amasannyalaze. Okutwalira awamu kirimu ebitundu bibiri: ekitundu ekiyingira n’ekitundu ekifuluma. Zino ziweebwa amaanyi mu ngeri ey’enjawulo era nga zigatta wamu n’okuyungibwa kwa magineeti. Siginiini ekyusibwakyusibwa ekitundu ekiyingira, eyita mu layeri ey’okwekutula, n’oluvannyuma n’efuuka demodu ne eddaamu ekitundu ekifuluma. Okwekutula ku mirimu amplifiers zisinga ku circuit za battery cell voltage acquisition. Baawulamu siginiini ya vvulovumenti ya bbaatule eyingizibwa okuva ku nkulungo, bwe batyo ne beewala okutaataaganyizibwa okw’ebweru n’okulongoosa obutuufu bw’okufunibwa kw’enkola n’okwesigamizibwa. Ekyokulabirako ky’okukozesa ekya bulijjo kiweereddwa wansi.

Ekifaananyi 8.8 kiraga enkozesa ya isolation operational amplifier mu 600V power battery management system. Battery pack erimu 50 horizontal lead-batteries za asidi nga zirina voltage egereddwa eya 12V, era voltage zazo terminal zifunibwa emu ku emu ku isolation operational amplifier circuit. ISO 122 ye amplifier eyawulwamu eyakolebwa nga erimu modulation ne demodulation tekinologiya apakiddwa Black & Decker (BBB) ​​mu Amerika, nga ekozesa precision capacitor coupling technology ne dual dual- mu-layini (dip) pin arrangement. Ebitundu ebiyingira n’ebifuluma ebya ISO 122 bisangibwa mu nkulungo y’okutwala sampuli, nga byawuddwamu capacitors bbiri ezikwatagana eza 1pf nga zikola layer ya isolation. Voltage ya rated isolation esinga 1500V (AC 60Hz continuous), nga isolation impedance ennyingi ate nga n’amagoba ga waggulu n’obutuufu bwa linearity, bwe kityo ne kituukiriza ebyetaago by’okukozesa eby’omugaso. Nga bwe kiragibwa mu kifaananyi 8.8, amaanyi g’okuyingiza aga ISO 122 gaggibwa mu bbaatule ya otomatiki, era akabonero akafuluma, akalina enkolagana ya layini nagwo, kagabanyizibwamu multiplexed, olwo ne kagabibwa mu ngeri ey’otoma nga kaziyiza ensengekera bbiri ezifugibwa microcontroller nga tegunnasindikibwa ku kiyingiza. Amaanyi agafuluma gaweebwa modulo y’amasannyalaze ku bboodi ya circuit, era voltage ya battery terminal yayawulwa. Kinaamanyibwa nti mu terminal voltage acquisition circuit ya 50th battery, inverter eyongerwako oluvanyuma lw’ekiyungo kya amplifier eky’okukola ekyawuddwamu okukyusa siginiini efuluma okuva ku negativu okudda ku positive. Era kisaana okulagibwa nti wadde nga ekitundu ekyetongodde eky’okufunira amplifier kirimu omulimu omulungi ennyo, omuwendo gwakyo ogw’amaanyi gukomye okukozesebwa kwakyo okunene.

4. Enkola ya Voltage/Frequency Conversion Circuit Acquisition .

Nga okozesa circuit ekyusa voltage/frequency (V/F) okufuna voltage ya battery cell, V/F converter kikulu nnyo. Ye kitundu ekikyusa obubonero bwa vvulovumenti mu bubonero bwa frequency, nga buwa obutuufu obulungi ennyo, linearity, ne integral input.

Ekifaananyi 8-9 kiraga ensengeka ya circuit ya LM331 V/F converter ekozesebwa mu kukyusa kwa waggulu-obutuufu V/F. LM331 ye chip ya V/F ekoleddwa mu ngeri ya waggulu-Engeri y’emu ekolebwa FS Microcontroller. Ekozesa circuit empya eya bandgap reference circuit eriko ebbugumu, egaba obutuufu obw’amaanyi ennyo mu bbugumu lyonna ery’okukola ne ku vvulovumenti z’amasannyalaze nga ntono nga 4.0V.

Mu nkola eno ey’okufunibwa, siginiini ya vvulovumenti ekyusibwa butereevu mu siginiini ya frequency, oluvannyuma esobola okukolebwako omukutu gw’okubala ogwa microcontroller nga tekyetaagisa kukyusa a-D. Ekirala, okujjuliza ekiyungo ky’okukyusa V/F mu nkola y’okufunibwa kwa vvulovumenti ya bbaatule, circuit ezikwatagana ez’okulonda n’enkulungo za amplifier ezikola nazo zeetaaga okukolebwa okutuuka ku nkola y’okufunira multi-emikutu. Enkola eno erimu ebitundu ebitono, naye vvulovumenti-efugirwa oscillator erimu capacitors, era ensobi ey’enjawulo eya capacitors okutwalira awamu nnene, nga capacitors ennene ziraga n’ensobi ennene ennyo.

5. Enkola ya Linear OptoCoupler Amplifier Circuit Acquisition .

Circuit efuna cell ya bbaatule eyesigamiziddwa ku linear optocoupler etuuka ku kwawula wakati w’enkomerero y’okufunibwa kwa siginiini n’enkomerero y’okukola, bwe kityo n’okulongoosa obutebenkevu bw’ekitundu n’obusobozi obuziyiza-okuyingirira. Ekifaananyi 8-10 kiraga til300 linear optocoupler, ekirimu feedback eyawuddwamu photodiode bifurcated by infrared LED illumination ne output photodiode. Tekinologiya w’enkola ey’enjawulo akozesebwa okusasula obutali bwa linnya (nonlinearity) bw’ebiseera bya LED n’engeri y’ebbugumu, ekifuula siginiini efuluma mu linearly proportional to the servo luminous flux efulumizibwa LED. Til300 erina peak isolation ya 3500V, bandwidth esinga 200kHz, esaanira okugaziya okwawuddwamu kwa DC ne AC signals, era erina output gain stability ya ±0.05%/℃. Nga bwe kirabibwa okuva mu kifaananyi, omuwendo gwa vvulovumenti y’akatoffaali ka bbaatule emu (enjawulo wakati wa U1 ne U2) ekyusibwa mu IP ya siginiini eya kasasiro nga ekola amplifier A ekola era ekulukuta okuyita mu linear optocoupler TIL300. Oluvannyuma lwa opto-okwetongola, kifulumya IP2 eriwo kati ekwatagana mu layini ne IP1. Akasannyalazo kano olwo kakyusibwa okudda mu muwendo gwa vvulovumenti nga gukolebwa amplifier A2 ekola ku a-D okukyusa n’okufunibwa kwa data. Kinajjukirwa nti enkomerero ebbiri eza linear optocoupler zeetaaga amasannyalaze ag’enjawulo ag’enjawulo, eziwandiikiddwa i+12V ne ±12V mu kifaananyi. Kino kiraga nti linear optocoupler amplifier circuit tekoma ku kuba na isolation ey’amaanyi n’obusobozi obuziyiza-okuyingirira naye era ekuuma linearity ennungi eya analog signal mu kiseera ky’okutambuza. N’olwekyo, esobola okukozesebwa awamu ne relay arrays oba gating circuits mu nkola z’okufunira emikutu mingi. Naye, ensengekera yaayo nzibu nnyo, era ensonga nnyingi zisobola okukosa obutuufu bwayo.

Enkola z’okufunira ebbugumu .

Ebbugumu erikola bbaatule terikoma ku kukola bbaatule wabula era likwatagana butereevu n’obukuumi bw’emmotoka ez’amasannyalaze. N’olwekyo, okufunibwa kwa paramita y’ebbugumu okutuufu kikulu nnyo. Okufuna ebbugumu si kizibu; Ekisumuluzo kwe kulonda sensa y’ebbugumu esaanira. Mu kiseera kino, sensa nnyingi ez’ebbugumu ziriwo, nga thermistors, thermocouples, thermistor transistors, ne sensa z’ebbugumu ezigatta.

1. Enkola y’okufunira thermistor .

Omusingi gw’enkola y’okufunira thermistor gwesigamiziddwa ku mpisa nti okuziyiza kwa thermistor kukyuka n’ebbugumu. Resistors ennywevu eyungibwa mu series ne thermistor okukola voltage divider, bwe kityo ne kikyusa eddaala ly’ebbugumu mu siginiini ya vvulovumenti. Siginini eno olwo ekyusibwa mu mawulire ga digital temperature okuyita mu analog-to-okukyusa digital. Thermistors teziba za bbeeyi naye nga zirina linearity embi era okutwalira awamu zirina ensobi ennene ennyo mu kukola.

2. Enkola y’okufunira thermocouple .

Omusingi gw’okukola ogwa thermocouple kwe kuba nti omubiri ogw’ebitundu bibiri gukola obusobozi obw’enjawulo obw’amasannyalaze ag’obugumu ku bbugumu ery’enjawulo. Nga ofuna omuwendo guno ogw’amasannyalaze ag’obugumu, omuwendo gw’ebbugumu guyinza okufunibwa ng’onoonya emmeeza. Okuva omuwendo gwa thermoelectric potential bwe gusinziira ku kintu kyokka, obutuufu bwa thermocouples buli waggulu nnyo. Naye, olw’okuba obusobozi bw’amasannyalaze ga thermoelectric bwe buli siginiini za milivolt-, okugaziya kyetaagisa, ekifuula ekisengejja eky’ebweru ekizibu. Okutwalira awamu, ebyuma birina ebifo ebisaanuuka ebingi, kale thermocouples zitera okukozesebwa mu bipimo eby’ebbugumu eringi-.

3. Enkola ya Integrated Temperature Sensor Acquisition .

Nga okupima ebbugumu kweyongera okubeera okwa bulijjo mu bulamu obwa bulijjo n’okufulumya, abakola semikondokita baleese sensa nnyingi ez’ebbugumu ezigatta. Wadde nga sensa zino nnyingi zeesigamiziddwa ku thermistors, zipimibwa mu kiseera ky’okukola, ekivaamu obutuufu okugeraageranyizibwa ku thermocouples. Ekirala, basobola okufulumya butereevu emiwendo gya digito, ne gifuula obulungi -egisaanira okukozesebwa mu nkola za digito.

Enkola z’okugula mu kiseera kino .

Enkola eza bulijjo ez’okuzuula amasannyalaze mulimu shunts, transformers, hall effect current sensors, ne fiber optic sensa.

Ebifaananyi bya buli nkola biragiddwa mu kipande 8-1.

Mu nsonga zino, ssente ennyingi eza fiber optic sensors zikoma ku kuzikozesa mu kifo ekifuga; Shunts ziba low-cost era zirina frequency response ennungi, naye zikaluba okukozesa nga zirina okuyungibwa ku current loop; Transformers za current zisobola okukozesebwa ku AC okupima kwokka; Era sensa za Hall Element current zikuwa omulimu omulungi era nga nnyangu okukozesa. Mu kiseera kino, sensa za shunts ne hall element current zisinga kukozesebwa mu kugula n’okulondoola enkola z’okuddukanya bbaatule z’amasannyalaze mu kiseera kino.

Enkola z'okuzuula omukka .

Mu kiseera ky’okukola mmotoka, olw’embeera y’enguudo enzibu n’ensonga z’okukola bbaatule ezizaaliranwa, embeera ez’amangu ennyo ng’omukka oba omuliro ziyinza okubaawo olw’ebbugumu erisukkiridde, okunyigirizibwa, oba okutomeragana. Singa ebikolwa bino tebizuulibwa era ne bikolebwako mu bwangu, tekyewalika nti bijja kweyongera, okutiisatiisa bbaatule ezeetoolodde, mmotoka, n’abakozi mu kisenge ky’emigugu, okukosa ennyo obukuumi bw’emirimu gy’emmotoka. Okuziyiza ebikolwa ng’ebyo, okulondoola omukka kubadde kuyingizibwa mu nkola z’okuddukanya bbaatule mu myaka egiyise era nga kweyongera okufaayo.

Sensulo z’omukka za njawulo era zisobola okugabanyizibwamu ebika bisatu ebikulu nga zisinziira ku misingi gyabyo egy’okuzuula: 1 Sensulo z’omukka ezikozesa enkola ya physicochemical, gamba nga sensa z’omukka eza semikondokita n’okukwatagana kw’omukka ogw’okwokya; 2 Sensulo z’omukka ezikozesa eby’obutonde, gamba nga sensa z’omukka ezitambuza ebbugumu, sensa z’omukka eziyingira mu maaso, ne sensa za infrared; 3 Sensulo z’omukka ezikozesa eby’obutonde, gamba nga sensa z’omukka-ekika ky’omukka n’amaanyi g’amasannyalaze-Sensulo za ggaasi ez’ekika. Olw’okuba sensa z’omukka za njawulo, sensa z’omukka eza semikondokita teziyinza kuzuula ggaasi zonna. N’olwekyo, ekika ekigere kilondebwa okuzuula ekika ky’omukka ekimu oba bibiri ebitongole. For example, oxide semiconductor smoke sensors are mainly used to detect hydrocarbon smoke, including O₂, H₂S, CO, H₂, O₃H₂O, Cl₂, OH, CO₂, etc. Due to electrode limitations, these sensors are primarily used to detect inorganic smoke, such as O₂, CO₂, H₂, Cl₂, SO₂, etc.

Sensulo z’omukka bwe zikozesebwa mu bbaatule z’amaanyi, okulonda sensa kyetaagisa okutegeera obutonde bw’omukka ogukolebwa olw’okwokya kwa bbaatule. Okutwalira awamu, okwokya kwa bbaatule kuleeta CO ne CO2 nnyingi, n’olwekyo sensa ezikwatagana ne ggaasi zino ebbiri zirina okulondebwa. Enzimba ya sensa yeetaaga okutuukagana n’embeera y’okukankana ey’okukozesa emmotoka okumala ebbanga eddene-okuziyiza okusitula okw’obulimba olw’enfuufu y’oku luguudo n’okukankana.

Ekyuma ekikuba omukka mu nkola y’okuddukanya bbaatule y’amasannyalaze kisaana okuteekebwa ku console ya ddereeva. Bw’ofuna akabonero ka alamu, kalina okufulumya amangu alamu ewulikika era ey’okulaba n’ekifo ensobi, okukakasa nti ddereeva asobola okuzuula amangu n’okufuna akabonero ka alamu.

Okugeza, enkola ya alamu y’omukka ekozesebwa mu bbaasi y’amasannyalaze eya Olympics, okusinga eyakolebwa kkampuni ya Beijing Institute of Technology, ekozesa enkola ya bbaatule ekolebwa bbaatule ya 9V alkaline oba carbon-Zinc, okukakasa nti ekola essaawa 24 eza bulijjo. Siginini ya alamu ekolebwa amasannyalaze ga bbaatule ya 24V, nga kino kiweebwa mu ngeri ey’enjawulo okukakasa nti enkola ya alamu yeetongodde. Alamu ezisaasaanyizibwa zizuula obungi bw’omukka nga ziyita mu sensa z’omukka ogw’omunda. Ekisengejjo ky’omukka bwe kiba wansi w’ekkomo, ekifuga eky’omunda ekya alamu kiteeka ekifulumizibwa mu relay okuggulawo circuit; Ekisengejjo ky’omukka bwe kisukka ekkomo, ekifuga eky’omunda kiteeka ekifulumizibwa mu relay ku short circuit, amangu ddala okukuba +24V power supply ku display panel okukola alarm circuit n’amasannyalaze -24V power supply ku display panel, efulumya audible ne visual alarm signal. Ensengekera y’enkola eragiddwa mu kifaananyi 8-11.