Lithium Manganese Oxide kye ki?

Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) kintu kya katodi ekikozesebwa mu bbaatule za lithium-, nga kirimu ensengekera y’eddagala limn2o2. Eriko ensengekera ya crystal ya spinel ey’ebitundu bisatu-esobozesa okutambula obulungi kwa lithium-ion mu kiseera ky’okucaajinga bbaatule n’okusuula.

Engeri etegeeza LMO eri mu nsengekera yaayo eya kirasitaalo ya spinel, esengekeddwa wansi w’ekibinja ky’omu bwengula FD3M. Ensengeka eno eya kiyubiki eteeka atomu za okisigyeni mu bifo ebitongole ate nga manganese ne lithium ions zikwata ebifo bya octahedral ne tetrahedral. Enkola essatu-ekola mu bitundutundu ekola amakubo agakwatagana ku lithium ions okutambula mu ddembe, ekivvuunulwa butereevu mu nkola ya bbaatule ey’omugaso.

Enteekateeka eno ey’okuzimba egonjoola ekizibu ekitawaanya ebintu bibiri-ebitundu bya katoodi eby’ebitundutundu. Mu kifo ky’okukaka ion okutambula mu makubo agatali ga pulaani, ensengekera ya spinel egaba amakubo amangi mu bitundu bisatu. Ekivaamu kwe kutambula kwa ion amangu, okukendeera kw’obuziyiza obw’omunda, n’obusobozi obulungi obw’okukwata akasannyalazo. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti ensengeka eno ekuuma obutuukirivu bwayo ne mu kiseera ky’okusannyalala okw’amangu-okufuuwa enzirukanya, ekifuula LMO okutuukira ddala ku nkola ezeetaaga okutuusa amasannyalaze ag’amangu.

Ebirimu bya manganese mu LMO biriwo mu mbeera ya valensi etabule, nga waliwo ebipimo ebyenkanankana ebya Mn3⁺ ne Mn⁴⁺ ions ezitwala ebifo bya octahedral. Embeera eno ey’okutabula (mixed oxidation state) ekola kinene mu nkola z’amasannyalaze ezibeerawo mu kiseera kya bbaatule okukola, okusobozesa okuyingiza n’okuggyamu lithium okuddamu.

Mu nkola y’okufulumya, lithium ions zisenguka okuva mu anode okuyita mu electrolyte okutuuka ku LMO cathode, gye zitwala ebifo tetrahedral munda mu manganese oxide framework. Obusannyalazo buyita mu nkulungo ey’ebweru, ne bukola amasannyalaze. Bwe kiba nga kicaajinga, enkola eno edda emabega-lithium ions ziggya mu katodi ne zidda ku anode.

Ebifaananyi bya vvulovumenti byawula LMO ku kemiko za katodi endala. Battery za LMO zitera okukola ku vvulovumenti ey’erinnya nga 4.0V, nga esingako katono ku lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). Voltage eno eya waggulu eyamba okulongoosa amaanyi agafuluma ku buli yuniti ya mass, wadde ng’amasoboza okutwalira awamu gasigala nga ga kigero bw’ogeraageranya ne nickel-ebintu bya katoodi ebingi.

Enkola y’okuyunga mu LMO ebaawo okuyita mu nkola nga lithium ions ziyingira mu ngeri reversibly mu n’okuggya mu nsengekera ya spinel awatali kutaataaganya nnyo manganese-oxygen framework. Ensengeka eno ey’enzimba mu kiseera ky’okuvuga obugaali nkizo n’okukoma, kye tujja okunoonyerezaako mu kitundu ky’okusoomoozebwa.

Batteries za LMO zisukkulumye mu nkola ezisaba amaanyi amangi agafuluma mu bbanga ettono. Ebikozesebwa mu kukozesa amasannyalaze bikiikirira ekitundu ky’akatale ekinene, abakola ebintu nga batwala obusobozi bwa LMO ng’ekikulu okutuusa amasannyalaze amanene ag’okusima, okusala, n’okunyweza emirimu. Obusobozi bw’okufulumya amangu bukwatagana n’obutonde obw’amaanyi, obw’amaanyi -amaanyi g’okukozesa ebikozesebwa.

Ekitongole ky’emmotoka kikozesa LMO mu mmotoka za hybrid ne electric, wadde nga kitera okugatta n’ebintu ebirala ebya katodi. Okugeza, ekikoola kya Nissan ne Chevy Volt, bakozesezza LMO-NMC (Nickel Manganese cobalt) blended cathodes. Enkola eno ey’omugatte ekozesa obusobozi bwa LMO obw’amaanyi amangi olw’okwanguyiza ate nga yeesigamye ku NMC ku bbanga eriwangaala. Ebiwandiiko ebisembyeyo biraga nti ebirimu LMO nga 30% mu nkola ng’ezo ezigatta biwa bbalansi y’omulimu esinga obulungi.

Ebyuma eby’obujjanjabi biganyulwa mu bukuumi bwa LMO n’engeri y’amaanyi. Ebikozesebwa mu kulongoosa, ebyuma ebiziyiza okuzimba, ne ppampu ezifuyira biyingizaamu bbaatule za LMO kubanga okutebenkera kw’ebbugumu kukendeeza ku bulabe bw’omuliro mu mbeera z’okulabirira abalwadde abayi. Okwekenenya kwa 2024 ku bukuumi bwa bbaatule y’abasawo kwazuula ebibaddewo mu muliro ebyakwatibwa zero nga biriko bbaatule za LMO mu mbeera z’obujjanjabi, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebintu ebyawuddwamu ne lithium-Eddagala lya ion endala.

Obugaali obw’amasannyalaze ne sikulaapu byeyongera okwettanira tekinologiya wa LMO naddala mu butale bwa Asia. Okugatta omuwendo-obulungi n’okutuusa amasannyalaze okumala bikwatagana n’engeri z’enkozesa eza bulijjo ez’emmotoka zino-engendo ennyimpi n’amaanyi oluusi n’oluusi-Amaanyi geetaaga okulinnya obusozi oba okwanguya okw’amangu.

Enkola z’okutereka amaanyi ez’okugatta amasannyalaze agazzibwawo nazo zikozesa LMO, wadde ng’okukozesa kuno kwolekagana n’okuvuganya okuva mu Lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Pulojekiti ya ffaamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba eya Sweden mu 2025 yateeka bbaatule za 50 MWh eza sodium-manganese oxide (tekinologiya ow’enjawulo), okulaga obuyiiya obugenda mu maaso mu manganese{-okutereka amaanyi nga basinziira.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Obungi bwa manganese bufuula LMO okusikiriza mu by’enfuna. Manganese ekwata ekifo kya 12 mu bungi mu kibumba ky’ensi, nga nnyingi nnyo okusinga cobalt oba nickel. Okubeerawo kuno kuvvuunulwa ku miwendo eminywevu n’okukendeeza ku buzibu bw’okugaba ebintu. Ebiwandiiko by’akatale mu kiseera kino biraga nti ebikozesebwa mu LMO bigula ebitundu nga 20% okusinga ku nickel-cobalt-MANGANESE (NCM) alternatives nga babala ssente ezisaasaanyizibwa ku bintu ebisookerwako.

Ebitunuulirwa mu butonde biwagira LMO ku Cobalt-Eddagala ery’amaanyi. Okuggyamu eddagala lya manganese, wadde nga tekuliimu buzibu ku butonde bw’ensi, kwewala okweraliikirira kungi okw’empisa okukwatagana n’okusima cobalt mu bitundu ebimu. Obutonde bw’ekintu obutali bwa butwa obw’ekintu bukwanguyiza okukwata mu kiseera ky’okukola n’okuddamu okukola ebintu. Ebifo eby’okuddamu okukola bbaatule bisobola okukola ku LMO n’obukodyo obuteereddwawo obw’ebyuma, okuzzaawo manganese okuddamu okukozesa bbaatule empya oba ebirala eby’amakolero.

Obugumu bw’ebbugumu bukiikirira enkizo ey’amaanyi ey’obukuumi. LMO cathodes ziziyiza thermal runaway-Engeri y’okulemererwa okukulukuta nga ebbugumu lya bbaatule lyeyongera mangu, ekiyinza okuleeta omuliro oba okubwatuka. Okugezesa okusinziira ku mutindo gwa UL kulaga LMO eraga 58% akabi akatono ak’okudduka kw’ebbugumu bw’ogeraageranya n’ensengeka za lithium-ion. Ensengekera ya spinel ey’obutonde etegeeza LMO ekuuma omulimu ku bbugumu eri waggulu, ng’ekola bulungi okutuuka ku 60℃(140℃F) awatali kuvunda kwa maanyi.

Obusobozi bw’okucaajinga amangu buva ku makubo asatu aga ion aga ion agatali gamu. Battery za LMO zisobola okukkiriza okusasula ku miwendo egisukka 1c (okusasulwa mu bujjuvu mu ssaawa emu) awatali kukendeera kwa maanyi mu kukola. Kino kyawukana ku bintu ebimu ebya katoodi ebifiirwa obusobozi mu mbeera y’okucaajinga amangu.

Obusobozi okuzikira mu kiseera ky’obugaali obugazi buleeta okusoomoozebwa okusinga obukulu mu LMO. Batteries za LMO zitera okutuusa 300-700 charge cycles nga obusobozi tebunnakka okutuuka ku 80% ku original-considerably entono okusinga 1,500-3,000 cycles ezituukiddwako battery za LFP. Okukoma kuno kuva ku manganese dissolution mu electrolyte, ekintu ekirabika eky’amangu ku bbugumu eri waggulu.

Enkola y’okusaanuuka erimu Mn2⁺ ion ezikutuka okuva mu nsengekera ya katodi, naddala nga waliwo asidi wa hydrofluoric (HF) akola okuva mu kuvunda kw’amasannyalaze. Zino ion za manganese ezisaanuuse zisenguka ne zigenda mu anode, gye ziteeka ne zitaataaganya layeri ya solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, enkola eno ekendeeza ku buziba bwombi, n’ekendeeza ku busobozi bwa bbaatule okutwalira awamu n’omulimu.

Energy density limitations zikugira okuvuganya kwa LMO mu nkola ezeetaaga obusobozi obusingako obw’okutereka. Battery za LMO zituuka ku nga 100-150 WH/kg, bw’ogeraageranya ne 150-250 WH/kg ku NMC ne 250-300 WH/kg ku cathodes ezirimu nickel enkulu. Ku mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze ezikulembeza okuvuga okuwanvu, ekituli kino eky’amaanyi kivvuunulwa butereevu mu mayiro ezikendeezeddwa ku buli chajingi oba obuzito bwa bbaatule okweyongera okusobola okutuuka ku bbanga eryenkanankana.

Ekikolwa kya Jahn-Teller kireeta okusoomoozebwa okulala okw'enzimba. Bwe kifulumizibwa wansi nga 3V, mn3⁺ ions ziyita mu kukyusakyusa kwa geometry ekyusa ensengekera ya cubic spinel mu tetragonal symmetry. Enkyukakyuka eno eya phase ereeta enkyukakyuka za voliyumu ya anisotropiki-Ekiristaayo kigaziwa nnyo mu ndagiriro ezimu okusinga endala. Okuddiŋŋana okutambula okuyita mu nkyukakyuka eno kuleeta okunyigirizibwa okw’ebyuma, ekiyamba ku busobozi okuggwaawo n’okukkakkana nga kuvunda kw’enzimba.

Abanoonyereza bagoberedde enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okukendeeza ku buzibu. Ebizigo eby’okungulu nga tukozesa ebintu nga aluminiyamu oxide (AL2O₃), titanium dioxide (TIO2), oba layers za kaboni ezitambuza (conductive carbon layers) zisobola okuziyiza okusaanuuka kwa manganese nga zikola ekiziyiza eky’obukuumi. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2024 kwalaga nti okuteekebwawo kwa atomu okw’ebizigo bya al2O₃ Obulamu bw’enzirukanya obw’okugaziya okuva ku 500 okutuuka ku 1,200 nga buziyiza okukwatagana kw’amasannyalaze obutereevu n’oludda lwa katodi.

Enkola za doping zirimu okukyusa obutundutundu obutono obw’ebweru mu nsengeka ya spinel. Okuyingizaamu ebintu nga aluminiyamu, nickel, oba chromium bisobola okutebenkeza ensengekera ya kirisitaalo n’okukendeeza ku jahn-teller effect. Okunoonyereza okwafulumizibwa mu 2024 kwalaga nti okukyusakyusa emirundi ebiri ne aluminiyamu ne fluorine mu LIMN22₋ₓAlₓO₄₋yfy compounds yalongoosa nnyo-okutebenkera kw'ebbugumu.

Okusukka ku basic LIMN2O2 spinel, enjawulo eziwerako zivuddeyo okukola ku byetaago ebitongole eby’omutindo. Lithium-Ebikozesebwa bya manganese oxide (LRMO) ebingi, nga birimu ensengekera ya LI₁₊ₓMn23₋ₓO₄ oba ebirungo ebiteekeddwa mu layeri LI2mno₃, biwa obusobozi obweyongedde obusukka 250 mAh/g. Ebintu bino byafuna okufaayo mu myaka egiyise ng’abanoonyereza bakola okuvvuunuka okusoomoozebwa kwabwe okw’obuzaale nga voltage fade n’obutakola bulungi mu kusooka.

Enjawulo za vvulovumenti eza waggulu-Eziri nga Lini₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄ (LNMO) zikola ku 4.7V, nga zituusa amaanyi amangi nga 200 wh/kg. Toyota yalangiridde enteekateeka mu mwaka gwa 2024 okufulumya mmotoka ey’amasannyalaze ey’ekyokulabirako ng’ekozesa LNMO Cathodes omwaka 2026 we gunaatuukira, ng’egenderera okutuuka ku kiromita 400. Okusoomoozebwa ne LNMO kuli mu bunywevu bw’amasannyalaze ku vvulovumenti ezigulumivu, ezivunda ne zifulumya ggaasi mu kiseera ky’okuvuga obugaali. Electrolyte eya fluorine eyakolebwa abanoonyereza mu 2023 yakendeeza ku kutondebwa kwa ggaasi ebitundu 90%, nga zikola ku kkomo lino.

Composite cathode architectures zigatta LMO n’ebintu ebirala okusobola okulongoosa omulimu. Battery ya CATL eya M3P egatta manganese-ebirungo ebingi ne phosphate-Kemistry eyesigamiziddwa ku, okutuuka ku bitundu 15% eby’omuwendo omutono okusinga bbaatule za NMC eza bulijjo ate nga zikuuma omulimu gw’okuvuganya. Enkola zino ezigatta zikiikirira omuze gw’amakolero okutuuka ku bitonde bya katoodi ebikoleddwa ku mutindo ogutuukira ddala ku nkola ezenjawulo okusinga eby’okugonjoola eby’eddagala ery’enjawulo-eddagala.

Layered manganese oxide structures, ate nga tezitera kusinga spinels, ziwa engeri ez’enjawulo ez’omutindo. Okunoonyereza okwa 2024 ku Li-birnessite, layeri lithium manganese oxide n’obuzibu bw’enzimba obufugibwa, kwalaga nti okutambula okukyukakyuka okumpi n’obusobozi bw’enzikiriziganya nga kunyigiriza enkyukakyuka za phase eziteetaagibwa. Obulagirizi buno obw’okunoonyereza bulaga nti yinginiya w’ebizimbe n’obwegendereza ku mutendera gwa atomu asobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu bwa LMO obw’ennono.

Okukola LMO ey’ettunzi mu ngeri entuufu kukozesa ekikalu-Okusengejja kw’embeera, nga lithium carbonate (Li2co₃) oba lithium hydroxide (LIOH) ekolagana ne manganese oxide precursors ku bbugumu eri waggulu (700-900℃). Enkola y’okufumba ekola ensengekera ya spinel, nga obunene bw’obutundutundu n’enkula bifugibwa okuyita mu bbugumu, ekiseera, n’okulonda ekisookerwako.

Enkulaakulana mu by’amakolero egenderera okukendeeza ku nsaasaanya n’okulongoosa ebintu by’ebintu. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2024 kwakola ekkubo ly’okusengejja okujjuvu eritandikira ku manganese ore okusinga manganese dioxide (EMD). Kino obutereevu-okuva ku-ore approach, nga tukozesa asidi okukulukuta okugobererwa okuvunda kw’ebbugumu n’okukaluba-enkola y’embeera, yatuuka ku 96.1% manganese extraction efficiency nga ekola LMO n’omulimu gw’amasannyalaze ogugeraageranyizibwa ku bintu ebya bulijjo.

Ekigonjoola-Enkola z’okusengejja ezesigamiziddwa nga hydrothermal oba sol-obukodyo bwa gel buwa okufuga okulungi ku bunene bw’obutundutundu n’enkula. Enkola zino zisobola okuvaamu obutundutundu bwa LMO obwa nanoscale n’obuwanvu bw’okungulu obweyongedde, ebiyinza okulongoosa omutindo gw’omutindo. Naye, enkola z’okugonjoola okutwalira awamu zigula ssente nnyingi ate zikendeera mu ngeri ennyangu okusinga okusengejja okukaluba-State synthesis for commercial production.

Obukodyo bw’okukyusa ku ngulu obukozesebwa mu kiseera oba oluvannyuma lw’okusengejja busobola okutumbula omulimu gwa LMO. Enkola z’okusiiga nga tukozesa okuteekebwa kw’omukka gw’eddagala, okuteekebwa kwa layeri ya atomu, oba enkola z’eddagala ennyogovu zikozesa layeri ezikuuma ezikendeeza ku kusaanuuka kwa manganese. Obugumu bw’okusiiga, mu ngeri entuufu 5-20 nanometers, birina okutebenkeza obukuumi ku ion entambula resistance-ebizigo ebiwanvu biwa obukuumi obulungi naye empola lithium-ion okutambula.

Akatale ka LMO kali mu nsi yonna kaatuuka ku buwumbi bwa ddoola 2.31 mu 2024, ng’okuteebereza kwalaga nti okukula kwatuuka ku buwumbi bwa ddoola buna n’obukadde 29 mu mwaka gwa 2033 nga buli mwaka gukula ebitundu 7.1%. Okugaziwa kuno kwoleka byombi okweyongera kwa bbaatule ya lithium okutwaliza awamu n’ebirungi bya LMO ebitongole mu nkola ezimu.

Regional Dynamics eraga Asia Pacific efugira ddala nga ebitundu nga 54% ku katale (eza Uganda akawumbi kamu n’obukadde 25 mu 2024). China, Japan, ne South Korea bakyaza abakola bbaatule ennene n’okuvuga obwetaavu n’obwetaavu. Gavumenti ezisikiriza mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze n’okutereka amasannyalaze agazzibwawo mu nsi zino ziganyula butereevu okutwala LMO. North America ne Bulaaya awamu zikola ebitundu nga 45% ku katale, nga enkulaakulana evudde ku pulojekiti z’amasannyalaze ag’emmotoka n’okutereka amasannyalaze.

Okuvuganya okuva mu nkola endala ez’ekika kya cathode chemistries shapes ku katale ka LMO. Lithium iron phosphate efunye ettaka ery’amaanyi naddala mu China olw’obulamu bwayo obw’oku ntikko n’engeri y’obukuumi. Ekituli ky’emiwendo wakati wa LMO ne LFP kikendedde nga okufulumya kwa LFP kuli ku mutindo. Naye, LMO ekuuma enkizo mu maanyi ne vvulovumenti ezenjawulo, nga ekuuma niche yaayo mu nkola z’amaanyi eza waggulu-.

Enkulaakulana y’enkola ekwata ku kuzaala LMO. Ekiragiro ky’omukago gwa Bulaaya ekya 2027 Battery Regulation kiteekawo ebisaanyizo by’okuyimirizaawo n’ebiragiro by’okulondoola ebikozesebwa. Ebiragiro bino biyinza okusiima manganese-chemistries ezesigamiziddwa ku cobalt-eby’okuddako eby’amaanyi olw’ebizibu ebitono eby’obutonde n’empisa. Ebimu ku biteeso mulimu ebisale ebisukka ku birimu cobalt, ekiyinza okufuula LMO 20% ku buseere okusinga NMC mu butale obumu singa ziteekebwa mu nkola.

Ensimbi z’okunoonyereza ziraga okwagala okugenda mu maaso n’okufaayo ku bbaatule ezisinziira ku manganese-okusinziira ku. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekikola ku by’amasannyalaze kyagaba obuwumbi bwa ddoola bubiri ku Manganese-Okunoonyereza ku bbaatule n’okukulaakulanya okusinziira ku 2024-2027, nga essira liteekeddwa ku kulongoosa obulamu bw’amaanyi n’obugumu ate nga bikuuma enkizo mu nsaasaanya. Akabonero kano ak’okusiga ensimbi kalaga nti gavumenti ekkiriza omulimu gwa Manganese mu kukyusakyusa enkola z’okugaba bbaatule okuva ku by’obugagga ebikulu nga Cobalt.

Solid-Okugatta bbaatule mu mbeera kitegeeza okumenyawo okuyinza okubaawo ku tekinologiya wa LMO. Ebiwujjo ebigumu bimalawo amasannyalaze ag’amazzi agayamba okusaanuuka kwa manganese, ekiyinza okugonjoola enkola ya LMO ey’okuvunda okusookerwako. Quantumscape’s 2024 data ku LMO nga zigatta ne ceramic electrolytes zatuuka ku 500 cycles ku 1c rate, wadde nga interfacial resistance esigala emirundi esatu okusinga obutoffaali bwa liquid electrolyte. Toyota's solid-Eky'okusooka nga tukozesa Limn2O2 Cathode ne Li₃ps2Palectrolyte yalaga 300 WH/kg energy density, okusemberera emitendera gya NMC egy'omutindo ate nga ekuuma enkizo za LMO ez'obukuumi.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Okutegeera LMO kyetaagisa embeera munda mu mbeera ya bbaatule ya lithium egazi. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) egaba amaanyi amangi (140-180 wh/kg) naye ebonaabona n’obutebenkevu bw’ebbugumu obubi n’omuwendo omunene. LCO efuga ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu kukola emirimu (portable electronics) nga obunene businga ku nsaasaanya oba okuwangaala, naye ebikwata ku byokwerinda bikoma ku nkozesa yaayo mu nkola ennene.

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) egaba obulamu obw’enjawulo (2,000-5,000 cycles) n’obukuumi obw’ekika ekya waggulu, okukola ku vvulovumenti eya wansi (erinnya 3.2V). Amaanyi ga LFP (90-120 WH/kg) gagwa wansi wa LMO, naye obuwangaazi bwayo bufuula eby’enfuna ku nkola nga ssente ezitera okukyusibwa zisukka omuwendo gw’okugula mu kusooka. Akatale k’emmotoka z’amasannyalaze mu China kagenda keyongera okusiima LFP ku mmotoka ezitambula ku mutindo, ate LMO-NMC blends zisigala nga za bulijjo mu butale obukulembeza omulimu.

Battery za Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) ziwa amaanyi agasinga obunene mu ngeri y’obusuubuzi eriwo kati (150-250 wh/kg), ekigifuula esinga okwettanirwa ku mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze ez’ewala. Naye, NMC egula nnyo olw’ebirimu nickel ne cobalt, era okweraliikirira okunyweza ebbugumu kwetaaga enkola ez’omulembe ez’okuddukanya bbaatule. LMO’s power delivery esukka NMC mu short bursts, ekigiwa edge for hybrid applications ezeetaaga rapid acceleration.

Battery za lithium titanate (LTO) zikozesa anode ekyusiddwa okusinga cathode ey’enjawulo, naye okugeraageranya kukakasa nti kuyigiriza. LTO egaba obuwangaazi obuyitiridde (10, 000+ enzirukanya) n’obukuumi naye ku density y’amasoboza entono ennyo (50-80 wh/kg). Okugatta kwa LTO anodes ne LMO cathodes kutondawo bbaatule ezirongooseddwa ku nkola ezenjawulo nga enkola za bbaasi ezicaajinga amangu, okulaga engeri okugatta kwa kemiko gye kuyinza okutunuulira ebyetaago eby’enjawulo.

Emisinde gy’obuyiiya bwa LMO gyayanguyira mu myaka egiyise ng’abanoonyereza bakola ku buzibu obumaze ebbanga. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2024 mu Journal of the American Chemical Society kwannyonnyola layeri ya lithium manganese oxide n’obuzibu bw’enzimba obufugibwa obwali bufunye okuddamu okutambula okumpi n’obusobozi bw’enzikiriziganya. Abanoonyereza baakozesa okuwanyisiganya ion n’okubulwa amazzi mu mubiri okukola ensengekera ya metastable li-birnessite eyanyigiriza okutambula kwa manganese n’okusaanuuka.

Enkola z’okukyusa ku ngulu zigenda mu maaso n’okukulaakulana. Abanoonyereza mu mwaka gwa 2024 baalaga nti graphene encapsulation of LMO particles yalongoosa obusobozi ebitundu 15% ate nga bagaziya obulamu bw’enzirukanya. Layer ya graphene ekyukakyuka ekwata enkyukakyuka za voliyumu mu kiseera ky’okuvuga nga egaba obutambuzi bw’amasannyalaze n’okukuuma obutasaanuuka bwa manganese. Enkola eno ekiikirira omuze omugazi ogw’okukola nanoscale engineering ya cathode materials.

Ensengekera z’okusengejja (concentration gradient structures) zaavaayo ng’obulagirizi obusuubiza. Mu kifo ky’obutonde obufaanagana mu buli kitundu kyonna, ebintu bino byawukana mu butonde okuva ku musingi okutuuka ku ngulu. Enkyukakyuka mpolampola emalawo obutakwatagana bwa interface obuleeta enjatika mu bizimbe ebyangu ebisiigiddwa. Ebibiina by’okunoonyereza ebiwerako byalaga okutebenkera okulongooseddwa ku vvulovumenti enkulu nga tukozesa enkola eno, wadde ng’okussa mu nkola eby’obusuubuzi kukyalina ekkomo.

Enkola z’okuyiga ebyuma zitandise okulongoosa enkola ya LMO n’okukola. Abanoonyereza baakozesa ebikozesebwa mu kubala okulagula okugatta kwa dopant okutumbula enzimba y’enzimba, okukendeeza ku kugezesebwa-n’okugezesa ensobi mu buwangwa okwali kwetaagisa okukola ebintu. Okunoonyereza okwa 2024 kwalagula bulungi aluminiyamu omulungi-Nickel Co-emigerageranyo gy’okukozesa ebiragalalagala ku mutindo ogw’ebbugumu ogwa waggulu-, okugezesa okwaddirira kwe kwakakasa.

Environmental profile ya LMO eraga ebirungi n’okusoomoozebwa. Manganese okuggyamu kyetaagisa amaanyi matono-okulongoosa ennyo okusinga cobalt oba nickel, era obungi bwa elementi bukendeeza ku puleesa ku mibiri gy’amayinja agasengekeddwa. Naye, okusima eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka mu manganese kukyakola ku butonde bw’ensi okuyita mu kutaataaganyizibwa kw’ettaka, okukozesa amazzi, n’obucaafu obuyinza okubaawo bwe kiba nga tekiddukanyizibwa bulungi.

Okukebera enzirukanya y’obulamu nga tugeraageranya ebirungo bya bbaatule eby’enjawulo ebya lithium biraga nti LMO ekola bulungi mu kaboni afuluma olw’obwetaavu bw’okukola obutono n’okumalawo cobalt. Okunoonyereza okujjuvu okwa 2023 kwabalirira bbaatule za LMO zikola omukka nga 15-20% nga tezirina mukka gwa mukka gwa greenhouse mu kiseera ky’okukola bw’ogeraageranya n’ebiringa NMC ku musingi gwa buli kWh.

Okuddamu okukola ebikozesebwa mu LMO biriwo mu nkola za lithium ezigaziwa eziddamu okukola. Enkola za hydrometallurgical zisobola okuzzaawo manganese, lithium, n’ebitundu ebirala nga bikola bulungi. Naye, omuwendo omutono ennyo ogwa manganese eyazuulibwa bw’ogeraageranya ne Cobalt oba nickel gukendeeza ku by’enfuna ebisikiriza okuddamu okukola. Ebiragiro by’enkola y’okuddamu okukola bbaatule, gamba ng’ebyo ebiteekebwa mu nkola mu Bulaaya, kirabika bijja kulongoosa emiwendo gy’okuddamu okukola LMO awatali kufaayo ku by’enfuna ebirongoofu.

Ekyokubiri-Okukozesa obulamu kuwa ekkubo eddala ery'okuyimirizaawo. Batteries za LMO ezivunda okusukka ku nkozesa y’emmotoka zitera okukuuma obusobozi obumala okutereka amaanyi agayimiridde, awali obuzito n’obungi bw’amasoboza obutono okusinga mu mmotoka. Enteekateeka eziwerako ez’okugezesa ziddamu okukozesa bbaatule z’emmotoka ez’amasannyalaze eziwummuddemu nga zirimu LMO cathodes okutereka amasannyalaze g’enjuba, okugaziya obulamu obw’omugaso okutwalira awamu n’okulongoosa enkosa y’obutonde yonna.

Kiki ekifuula bbaatule za LMO okuba ez’obukuumi okusinga ebika ebirala ebya lithium-ION?

Ensengekera ya kirisitaalo ya spinel eya LMO egaba obutebenkevu obw’ebbugumu obuziyiza okudduka okw’ebbugumu. Manganese oxide cathodes zisigala nga zitebenkedde ku bbugumu erya waggulu okusinga cobalt-okusinziira ku nkola endala, era obutabaawo cobalt ekola ennyo kikendeeza ku bulabe bw’okuvunda okw’ebweru (exothermic decomposition risk). Okukebera kulaga nti bbaatule za LMO zirina akabi akatono aka 58% thermal runaway okusinziira ku mutindo gwa UL ogw’obukuumi.

Lwaki bbaatule za LMO zirina obulamu obumpi okusinga bbaatule za LFP?

Manganese okusaanuuka mu electrolyte kireetera obusobozi obugenda mu maaso okuggwaawo mu bbaatule za LMO. Mn2⁺ ayoni zikutula ku nsengekera ya katodi naddala ku bbugumu eri waggulu, ne zisenguka okugenda mu anode we zitaataaganya enkola ya electrode. Battery za LFP zeewala enkola eno kubanga ekyuma phosphate kikola ensengekera esinga okutebenkedde etasaanuuka mu mbeera ezifaanagana.

Battery za LMO zisobola okukozesebwa mu bbugumu erisukkiridde?

Battery za LMO zikwata ebbugumu erya waggulu okusinga enkola nnyingi, nga zikola bulungi okutuuka ku 60℃(140℃F). Enkola y’ebbugumu ery’ennyogoga ekakasa okusoomoozebwa okusingawo-nga bbaatule zonna eza lithium-, LMO efuna obusobozi obukendedde n’okuziyiza okw’omunda okweyongera wansi wa diguli 0 . Obulwadde bwa vvulovumenti obuva ku bbugumu eryannyogoga bukosa LMO okufaananako ne kemiko endala.

LMO egerageranya etya ku LFP ku mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze?

LMO egaba vvulovumenti eya waggulu (4.0V vs 3.2V) n’okutuusa amaanyi amalungi olw’okusannyalala, naye obulamu obutono obw’enzirukanya n’amaanyi amatono katono. LFP esukkulumye mu bulamu obuwanvu n'omuwendo gw'emmotoka ez'omutindo-ezo ezigatta, ate blends za LMO-NMC zikola bulungi okukola -emmotoka ezigenderera nga zeetaaga okutuusa amasannyalaze mu bwangu. Emitendera gy’akatale giraga chemistries zombi nga zibeera wamu ku bitundu by’emmotoka eby’enjawulo okusinga ekimu ekikyusa ekirala.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Okunoonyereza kw’ekiwandiiko kino kwava mu nsonda ez’obuyinza eziwera omuli bannaabwe-okuddamu okwekenneenya ebitabo mu Journal of the American Chemical Society, Battery & Supercaps, n’ebintu ebitereka amaanyi. Ebikwata ku katale byava mu kkampuni ezikebera amakolero omuli dataintelo ne Fortune Business Insights. Ebikwata ku by’ekikugu byajuliza ebintu okuva mu bakola bbaatule omuli NEI Corporation, Sigma-Aldrich, ne CATL. Ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku kugezesa obukuumi byava ku mutindo gwa UL era ne bifulumya okwekenneenya obukuumi okuva mu kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda ku nguudo ekya National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).