Ebifaananyi bya Lithium-Ebirala bye biruwa?
Obusobozi n'amaanyi g'amasannyalaze ga lithium-Ebikozesebwa mu bbaatule .
Mu kiseera ky’ekisannyalazo-Okufulumya ensengekera ya bbaatule za lithium-, ebikozesebwa byokka eby’obusannyalazo obulungi n’obubi bye biyita mu lithium-enkola y’okuyingiza/okuggyamu ebirungo, ate nga n’ebintu ebirala n’ebintu ebirala tebirya. Nolwekyo, potential ebikozesebwa eby’amasannyalaze ebirungi n’ebibi ebiddamu okuyunga/okuggya amasannyalaze ga lithium ions we bisalirawo enzigule-saamusaamu vvulovumenti ya bbaatule, era obungi bwa lithium ions intercalating/deintercalating busalawo obusobozi bw’ekintu ekikola. Bangi ku bakola lithium y’ensi yonna-abakola bbaatule za ion ne lithium-abagaba bbaatule za ion beesigama ku mpisa zino ez’ebintu okusobola okutuuka ku kukola mu bungi okutebenkedde n’okukola kw’ebintu okutambula obutakyukakyuka.
Ku kiyungo kya negativu, ensengekera ebaawo okusinziira ku nsengekera (1.2). buli molekyo ya kaboni (12g), ekisukka mu 1/6 mol ya lithium ions kiyinza okuyingizibwamu. N’olwekyo, obusobozi obw’enjawulo obw’enzikiriziganya (theoretical specific capacity) obw’ekintu kya kaboni negativu eky’amasannyalaze kiri .
1/6(mol)×96485 (Ekitakyukakyuka ky'Olunaku,c/mol)/12(g) =3400c/g =372(Ma·H/G) (1.5)
Mu kukozesa buli lunaku, okulowooza ku kufiirwa kwa lithium olw’okuyungibwa n’okutondebwa kwa firimu ya solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), obusobozi obw’enjawulo obw’enjawulo obusobola okutuukirizibwa obw’ebintu bya kaboni 300–345 ma·h/g. Lithium akulembedde-abagaba bbaatule ba bbaatule batuuka ku ddaala lino nga bayita mu nkola ya graphite erongooseddwa n’enkola entuufu ey’okusiiga.
Ku kintu kya positive electrode, obusobozi bwakyo businziira ku bungi bwa lithium ions eziyinza okuggyibwamu/okuyingizibwa. Okutwala licoo2 nga ekyokulabirako, okutuuka ku mol 1 eya lithium ions buli molesi ya LICOO2 esobola okwetaba mu nsengekera. N’olwekyo, obusobozi obw’enjawulo obw’enzikiriziganya (theoretical specific capacity) bwa LICOO2 .
1(mol)×96485(c/mol)/97.86(g) =985.95c/g =273.9(Ma·h/g) (1.6)
Mu nkola, okukuuma obutebenkevu bwa kirisitaalo ya Licoo2, okutwalira awamu 30%–60% zokka eza lithium ions ze zeetaba mu nsengekera. N’olwekyo, obusobozi obwennyini obw’enjawulo obw’ebintu bya LICOO2 buli 137–164 mI·h/g. Major lithium-ion Battery OEM abakola bafuga obuziba bwa chajingi ne bafulumya nga bayita mu BMS ey’omulembe okusobola okutumbula obulamu bw’enzirukanya nga bwe bakakasa obukuumi.
Ku lithium iron phosphate, 1 mol ya lithium ions buli molesiya ya lithium iron phosphate esobola okwetaba mu bujjuvu mu nsengekera. N’olwekyo, obusobozi obw’enzikiriziganya (theoretical and actual specific capacity) obw’ekintu kya lithium iron phosphate (relative molecular mass 157.8) kiri .
1(mol)×96485(c/mol)/157.8(g) =611.44c/g =169.8(Ma·h/g) (1.7)
Mu butonde, obusobozi bwa redox obw’omutindo obwa Li/Li⁺ bwe businga wansi, butuuka -3.04 V (vs. standard hydrogen electrode). Ku bintu bya kaboni negativu eby’obusannyalazo, obusobozi bw’okuggya lithium-ion n’okuyingiza buli kumpi n’obusobozi bwa Li/Li⁺ obw’emyenkanonkano. Okusinziira ku ndowooza y’obusannyalazo, ku bbugumu ly’ekisenge, obusobozi bw’obusannyalazo E bwa kaboni negativu obusannyalazo buba .
e=e diguli + 0.02567 · ln[c(li⁺)/c(li,c₆)] (1.8)
wa
e diguli - obusobozi bw’obusannyalazo obw’omutindo;
C(li⁺) - Okusengejja kwa ayoni za lithium mu kisoolo ky’obusannyalazo;
C(li,c₆) - Okusengejja kwa lithium ions mu kaboni ya electrode negativu.
Bwe kiba nti ekisengejjo kya lithium ion mu solution ne mu negativu electrode carbon bwe ziba kumpi, ekisannyalazo kya electrode ekya negative electrode kyenkana standard reduction potential E℃. Okutwalira awamu, ekisengejjero kya lithium ion mu kisannyalazo kinywevu, kale enkyukakyuka mu lithium ion concentration mu negativu electrode carbon ejja kuleeta enkyukakyuka mu negative electrode potential. Mu kiseera kino tewali nkola ya bonna okubala obusobozi obutuufu obw’emyenkanonkano ya Li/C₆ n’emiwendo gya x egy’enjawulo. Okutwalira awamu kisalibwawo mu ngeri y’okugezesa. Okugezesa kulaga nti obusobozi bw’okuziba (delithiation potential) bwa graphite-okutwalira awamu ebintu byawukana wakati wa 0–0.4 V (vs. Li/Li⁺), ekifuula ebikozesebwa eby’obusannyalazo ebitali birungi ebisaanira ennyo okukozesebwa. Ekifaananyi 1.2 kiraga ekisannyalazo ekya bulijjo-ekikulukusi eky’engeri y’ekiwujjo kya graphite negativu.
Ku kintu kya LICOO2 positive electrode, enkola ya lithium intercalation/deintercalation ye reaction emu{0}}phase. Nga ekisengejjo kya lithium ion mu kintu kya positive electrode bwe kikyuka, obusobozi bwa positive electrode nabwo bukyuka. Okulowooza ku kisengejjo kya lithium ion mu kisannyalazo kiri 1 mol/L, ku nsengekera mu nsengekera (1.1), obusobozi bw’obusannyalazo bwa positiivu E ye e .
e=e diguli + 0.02567 · ln[c(li⁺,coo2)/c (lisiizi2)] (1.9)
wa
e diguli - obusobozi bw’obusannyalazo obw’omutindo;
C(licoo2) - Okusengejja kwa Licoo2 mu kintu kya electrode ekirungi;
c(li0 4, COO2) - Okusengejja kwa Li⁺ ne COO2 mu kintu kya electrode ekirungi;
Nga lithium ions bwe ziggyibwamu, obusobozi bwa positive electrode bulaga omuze ogw’okukka wansi.
Ekisannyalazo-Enkola y’okufuuwa ekyuma kya lithium phosphate kwe kukyusa okuva mu lithium iron phosphate okudda mu kyuma phosphate oluvannyuma lw’okuzirika.
Enzirukanya ku lithium iron phosphate electrode eri .
ObulamuPO₄ ↔ Fepo3 + li⁺ + E⁻ (1.10)
Enkola yaayo eya lithium-enkola y’okuyunga/okuggyamu omusaayi (ion intercalation/deintercalation process) ye nkola ya phase bbiri-. N’olwekyo, enkyukakyuka mu lithium ion concentration mu kintu kya positive electrode tezikwata ku nkyukakyuka eyinza okubaawo eya positive electrode. obusobozi bwayo obw’emyenkano .
e=e diguli + 0.02567 · ln[c(fepo₄)/c (obulamu 2)] (1.11)
Ekisengejjo ky’ebikalu ebirongoofu kiri 1. Okusinziira ku bipimo byakyo eby’obugumu, obusobozi bw’enzikiriziganya obw’enzikiriziganya buba 3.4 v.
Ekisannyalazo ekya bulijjo-ekikulukusi eky’ekika kya lithium eky’ekintu kya lithium phosphate kiragibwa mu kifaananyi 1.3.
Ebifaananyi by'omulimu gwa lithium-Ekyuma .
Bw’ogeraageranya ne bbaatule endala, bbaatule za lithium- zirina bino wammanga ebimanyiddwa ennyo lithium-abagaba bbaatule za bbaatule ne bakasitoma b’amakolero:
Densite y’amasoboza amangi.Amasoboza ga lithium-Emirimu gituuka ku 100 W·h/kg ne 200 W·H/L oba okusingawo. Battery za katodi eza ternary ezisembyeyo - ziriko amasoboza ag’enjawulo aga 200 W·H/kg. Nga tukozesa silikoni eya waggulu-Nickel -okusinziira ku anode ne lithium-ebintu bya katoodi ebingi, amasoboza ag’enjawulo ag’amaanyi gasuubirwa okutuuka ku 400 W·H/kg n’amaanyi g’amaanyi aga volumetric 900 W·H/L, nga gasukka nnyo bbaatule ez’ennono. N’olwekyo, bbaatule za lithium-zikozesebwa nnyo mu bintu eby’amasannyalaze ebikwatibwako n’emmotoka ez’amasannyalaze.
High open-Voltage ya circuit.Olw’okukozesa ebitali-ebiziyiza ebiramu eby’omu mazzi, vvulovumenti y’obutoffaali emu-etuuka ku 3.6–3.8 V, nga eno ekubisaamu emirundi 2–3 ku ya nickel-ekyuma oba nickel-battery za kamera. Okukozesa obulungi ebintu bya katoodi ebya waggulu-ebisobola okwongera ku vvulovumenti y’obutoffaali obukola okutuuka ku 4.5–5 V, nga eno y’emu ku nsonga enkulu eziviirako amaanyi g’amasoboza aga waggulu aga lithium-.
Asobola-rate charge n'okufulumya.Okugeza, byonna-ebikalu-State lithium-battery za ion nga tukozesa polymer electrolytes zisobola okutuuka ku miwendo gy’okufulumya waggulu wa 10C n’obukuumi obulungi; Battery za lithium-ezikozesa lithium iron phosphate nga katodi esobola okutuuka ku 100c discharge.
Okwefaako okutono-omuwendo gw'okubunyisa.Ku bbugumu ly’ekisenge, omuntu yennyini-ascharge rate of lithium-okutwalira awamu eba wansi wa 10%, wansi okusinga nickel-battery za metal hydride (15%) ate nga kitundu kya nickel-battery za cadmium. Okwefuula-omuwendo gw’okufuuwa bbaatule za lithium iron phosphate okutwalira awamu guba wansi wa 3%.
Eyamba obutonde bw’ensi, .Nga temuli lead, cadmium, mercury, oba ebintu ebirala eby’obulabe, era teyonoona butonde.
Tewali kigendererwa kya kujjukira.Memory Effect kitegeeza ekintu ekirabika nga obusobozi bwa bbaatule bukendeera nga buzzeemu okucaajinga nga tebunnafuluma mu bujjuvu oba nga bukozesebwa nga tebunnaba kujjula (Memory effect is not capacity decay). Battery za lithium- tezirina kye zikola ku kujjukira.
Obukuumi obulungi.Battery za lithium-okutwalira awamu zikozesa ebintu bya kaboni nga ekisannyalazo ekitali kirungi, ekirina obusobozi bw’obusannyalazo okumpi n’obw’ekyuma lithium. Lithium ions zisobola okuddamu okuyingiza n’okuggyamu kaboni mu ngeri ekyukakyuka, ne zikendeeza nnyo ku mikisa gy’okuteekebwa kw’ebyuma bya lithium n’okulongoosa ennyo obukuumi bwa bbaatule. Mu myaka egiyise, ennimi z’omuliro-Eby’okwongerako eby’omu maaso, ennimi z’omuliro-Eby’okwawula ebiziyiza, ebyuma bya PTC (positive temperature coefficient), okubwatuka-obuuma obuziyiza, enkola z’okuddukanya bbaatule, ne tekinologiya omulala bikakasizza obukuumi obw’amaanyi ennyo obwa lithium-ebibala.
Obulamu bwa cycle obuwanvu.Obulamu bw’enzirukanya ya bbaatule za lithium-Okutwalira awamu busukka enzirukanya 500. Obulamu bw’enzirukanya ya bbaatule za lithium iron phosphate okutwalira awamu buba 2000–3000 cycles. Bwe kikwatagana n’enkola z’ebintu bya anode n’obusobozi bwa cycle obw’amaanyi (nga lithium titanate), enzirukanya ezisukka mu 10,000 zisobola okutuukirira. Kino kifuula bbaatule za lithium iron phosphate okulonda okusinga obulungi ku nkola za bbaatule ezitereka amaanyi n’okukola pulojekiti ennene-scale ESS.
