Ekintu ekiyitibwa Cathode Active Material kye ki?

Cathode active material kye kirungo kya pawuda ekikozesebwa mu positive electrode yabbaatule za lithium ionetereka n’okufulumya ayoni za lithium mu kiseera ky’enzirukanya y’okusannyalala n’okufulumya. Ebintu bino, ebiseera ebisinga ebyuma ebiyitibwa okisayidi ebirimu lithium nga bigattiddwa wamu n’ebyuma ebikyukakyuka nga nickel, manganese, ne cobalt, bye bisalawo obungi bw’amasoboza ga bbaatule, obulamu bw’enzirukanya, n’engeri y’obukuumi.

Cathode ekola ebitundu 30-40% ku muwendo gwonna ogw’akatoffaali ka LIB era ekiikirira ekitundu kimu ekisinga okuba eky’ebbeeyi. Mu kiseera ky’okukola kwa bbaatule, amasannyalaze ga lithium gasenguka wakati wa layeri za katodi ne anode-nga gatambula okutuuka ku katodi mu kiseera ky’okufuluma okukola amasannyalaze, olwo ne gadda mu anode mu kiseera ky’okucaajinga.

Ebintu ebikola katodi bibaamu litiyamu nga bigattiddwa wamu ne okisayidi z’ebyuma ebikyukakyuka mu nsengekera za kirisitaalo ezisobozesa okuyingizibwa kwa litiyamu-ion okukyukakyuka. Kemiko za katodi ettaano ezisookerwako ezifuga akatale buli emu egaba ebifaananyi eby’enjawulo eby’omutindo.

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) erimu ebyuma bisatu mu migerageranyo egy’enjawulo-ensengeka eza bulijjo mulimu NMC 111 (ebitundu ebyenkanankana), NMC 622, ne NMC 811 (high-nickel). Nikel egaba density y’amasoboza amangi, manganese ayamba okutebenkera kw’ensengekera, ate cobalt ayongera ku conductivity n’okwongeza obulamu bw’enzirukanya. NMC 811 ekola obusobozi bwa 180-200 mAh/g ng’amaanyi gatuuka ku 260 Wh/kg, ekigifuula eky’okulonda ekisinga obulungi ku mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze ezitambula ewala.

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) ekozesa ekyuma ne phosphate ebingi mu kifo kya cobalt ne nickel ebitono. Nga tulina ensengekera ya LiFePO4, kemiko eno ekola ku vvulovumenti eya wansi (3.2V nominal) naye esinga mu kunyweza ebbugumu n’obukuumi. Battery za LFP zigumira cycles ezisukka mu 2,000 era tezifulumya oxygen mu kiseera ky’okudduka thermal, ekikendeeza nnyo ku bulabe bw’omuliro. Mu mwaka gwa 2023, LFP yawamba ebitundu 40% ku katale ka cathode mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyava ku kukozesebwa kwayo mu EV z’Abachina n’enkola z’okutereka amaanyi.

Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) ye yali ekintu kya lithium-ion cathode ekyasooka ekyatundibwa Sony mu 1991. Wadde nga egaba density y’amasoboza esinga obunene mu bika bya cathode, LCO ebonaabona n’obutebenkevu obubi obw’ebbugumu ku mbeera za chajingi ennene n’obulamu bw’enzirukanya obutono. Enkozesa yaayo okusinga ekyuse n’egenda ku byuma ebikozesebwa abantu nga ssimu ez’amaanyi ne laptop, ng’ekifo ekitono kisinga okulowoozebwako ku nsaasaanya.

Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA) mu bujjuvu erimu ebitundu 80% ebya nickel, 15% cobalt, ne 5% aluminiyamu. Tesla ye yasooka okukozesa NCA mu mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze, ng’ekozesa amaanyi gaayo amangi agafaananako ne NMC naye nga ganywevu bulungi mu bbugumu okusinga kemiko za nickel omulongoofu. Wabula NCA eraga okuvunda okw’amangu ku mbeera za chajingi eza waggulu, nga kyetaagisa enkola z’okuddukanya bbaatule n’obwegendereza.

Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) ekola ensengekera ya spinel ey’ebitundu bisatu-ekisobozesa okufulumya amaanyi amangi n’obukuumi obulungi ennyo. Wadde nga density y’amasoboza entono okusinga nickel-based cathodes, LMO’s thermal stability n’omuwendo omutono bigifuula esaanira ebikozesebwa eby’amasannyalaze n’ebyuma eby’obujjanjabi ebyetaaga emiwendo gy’okufulumya egy’amaanyi.

cathode active material

Okukola ebintu ebikola katodi kuzingiramu enkola y’ensengekera y’embeera enkalu-ey’embeera ey’ebbugumu eringi-emitendera mingi nga yeetaaga okufuga okutuufu ku butonde, obunene bw’obutundutundu, n’ensengekera ya kirisitaalo.

Enkola eno etandika n’okusengejja ebintu ebikola katodi (pCAM) ebisookerwako. Ku katodi za NMC, ebyuma ebiyitibwa sulfates ebya nickel, manganese, ne cobalt bisaanuusibwa mu solution ne co-precipitated nga mixed metal hydroxides mu riyaaktori ezitabuddwa. Okufuga pH mu kiseera kino eky’omutendera gw’okufuuka ekiristaayo kikulu nnyo-enkyukakyuka ya pH 0.1 yokka esobola okukyusa ennyo enkula y’obutundutundu n’ensaasaanya y’obunene. Ekitonnyeze kya haidrokisayidi kisengejebwa, kinaazibwa, ne kikalira okuvaamu butto wa pCAM.

Olwo ekisookerwako kino kitabulwa ne lithium hydroxide oba lithium carbonate mu migerageranyo emituufu ne kibuguma okutuuka ku diguli 700-900 mu bbanga eririmu okisigyeni-okumala essaawa 12-24. Omutendera guno ogw’okufumbisa gugoba obucaafu ne gukola obutafaali obukwatagana obw’ekyuma-okisayidi n’ensengekera ya layeri eyeetaagisa okuyingiza lithium-ion. Ebbugumu ly’okusiba, obutonde bw’empewo, n’obudde bw’okubuguma bye bisalawo eby’obusannyalazo by’ekintu ekisembayo n’obutebenkevu bw’ebbugumu.

Oluvannyuma lw’okusiba, ekintu kya katodi kiyita mu kunyigirizibwa n’okugabanya okusobola okutuuka ku kugabanya obunene bw’obutundutundu obugendererwa-mu ngeri entuufu micrometers 5-20. Abakola ebintu bakola obunene bw’obutundutundu obw’enjawulo okusobola okutumbula density y’ebintu ebikola ebisiigiddwa ku bikung’aanya kasasiro wa katodi. Ebirungo ebimu bifuna ebizigo ebirala eby’okungulu oba ebirungo ebiyitibwa dopants okutumbula obutambuzi n’obulamu bw’enzirukanya.

Ebintu ebiyiiya gye buvuddeko byanguyizza enkola eno ey’ennono enzibu. NOVONIX yakola enkola y’okusengejja kasasiro yenna-kalu, zero-emalawo ddala omutendera ogusookerwako, okukyusa emmere y’ebyuma ebibisi butereevu mu katodi za NMC eziwedde. Enkola eno eriko patent ekendeeza ku nsaasaanya ya kapito kumpi ebitundu 30% ate ku nsaasaanya y’okulongoosa ebitundu nga 50% ate ng’ekozesa amaanyi matono ebitundu 27% okusinga enkola eza bulijjo.

Omutendera ogusembayo gukola ekikuta kya katodi nga kitabula butto w’ekintu ekikola n’ebirungo ebitambuza (ebiseera ebisinga kaboni omuddugavu), ebisiba (ebiseera ebisinga polyvinylidene fluoride oba PVDF), n’ebizimbulukusa (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone oba NMP). Omusulo guno gusiigibwa ku bikung’aanya amasannyalaze ga aluminiyamu, ne gukalira mu oveni okuggyamu ebizimbulukusa, ne guteekebwa mu kalenda okuyita mu biwujjo okutuuka ku buwanvu obufaanagana-mu ngeri entuufu micrometers 70 nga mulimu 15 mg/cm2 of active material.

Ebintu bya cathode bikiikirira ekintu kimu ekisinga obunene mu kukola bbaatule. Mu mwaka gwa 2024, NMC 811 cathode active material egula doola 109 buli kilowatt-essaawa, nga kikola ebitundu 53% ku ssente zonna ezisaasaanyizibwa ku bintu bya cell ne 30% ku ssente za bbaatule enzijuvu. LFP cathodes zaali za ssente ntono nnyo ku $21.90/kWh mu 2023, nga lithium carbonate ekiikirira 90% ku muwendo ogwo ku $19.60/kWh.

Akatale k’ebintu bya cathode kaatuuka ku buwumbi bwa ddoola 55 mu 2024 ng’obwetaavu bwa buli mwaka busukka kkiro ttani 2,800. Okuteebereza kw’akatale kuteebereza okukula okuva ku buwumbi bwa ddoola 19.5 mu 2024 okutuuka ku buwumbi bwa ddoola 52.4 omwaka 2034 we gunaatuukira, ekitegeeza nti enkula ya bitundu 10.7% buli mwaka. Okugaziya kuno okusinga kuvudde ku bwetaavu bwa bbaatule z’emmotoka ez’amasannyalaze, ezaasukka mu bukadde 14 ezaatundibwa mu nsi yonna mu 2023.

China y’esinga okukola cathode ng’erina ebitundu ebisoba mu 60% ku busobozi bw’okukola ebintu mu nsi yonna, n’eddirirwa South Korea ne Japan nga byonna awamu birina omugabo 25%. Wabula okugaziya obusobozi obw’amaanyi kugenda mu maaso mu Bulaaya ne North America. Ekyuma kya BASF ekya Schwarzheide mu Girimaani kyatandika okukola ebintu ebingi-nickel cathode nga tebinnaba kusuubula mu 2023, nga kigenderera okukola kilotons 100 buli mwaka mu mwaka gwa 2025. Mu Amerika, LG Chem ne General Motors’ Ultium CAM joint venture yatongoza ekifo kya kiloton 30 mu Tennessee ku ntandikwa ya 2024, nga balina enteekateeka z’okukubisaamu emirundi ebiri obusobozi okutuuka ku kilotani 60 omwaka 2025 we gunaatuukira.

Emiwendo gy’ebintu ebisookerwako gikwata nnyo ku nsaasaanya ya katodi. Ebbeeyi ya Lithium carbonate ebadde ekyukakyuka nnyo-nga erinnya okutuuka ku likodi mu 2022 nga tennakendeera mu 2023-2024 ng’ebintu ebipya bizze ku mutimbagano. Ebbeeyi ya Cobalt ne nickel nayo eraga okukyukakyuka okw’amaanyi, nga kino kivudde ku kutaataaganyizibwa mu nkola y’okugaba ebintu n’ensonga z’ebyobufuzi. Democratic Republic of Congo egaba ebitundu ebisoba mu 70% ku cobalt mu nsi yonna, ate Indonesia evuddeyo ng’esinga okukola nickel.

Okukyukakyuka kuno okw’emiwendo n’okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’ebintu byanguyizza emitendera ebiri emikulu: okukyuka okudda ku kemiko wa LFP ow’ebbeeyi entono-n’okukola eby’okulonda ebirala ebitali bya cobalt-. Mu 2024, abanoonyereza mu Georgia Tech baakola ekyuma ekiyitibwa iron chloride cathode ekigula ebitundu 1-2% byokka ku bintu ebya bulijjo ate nga kitereka amaanyi ag’enkanankana. Wadde nga bakyagezesa, okumenyawo ng’okwo kuyinza okuddamu okukola ku by’enfuna bya bbaatule mu musingi.

Enkola ez’enjawulo zeetaaga ebifaananyi eby’enjawulo eby’omulimu gwa katodi. Mmotoka z’amasannyalaze zikulembeza obungi bw’amasoboza mu kifo we zivuga, ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma bikalimagezi bitwala obunene obutono, ate okutereka ku mudumu (grid storage) kussa essira ku bulamu bwa cycle n’obukuumi.

Densite y’amasoboza ekyukakyuka nnyo okusinziira ku kemiko. NMC 811 ne NCA zituusa 200-270 Wh/kg ku mutendera gw’obutoffaali, ekisobozesa EV okutuuka ku mayiro 300-400 ez’obuwanvu. LFP egaba density y’amasoboza eya wansi ku 140-170 Wh/kg naye eliyirira n’obuwangaazi obw’ekika ekya waggulu-abakola nga BYD batuuse ku EV ranges ezivuganya nga bayita mu cell-to-pack integration ekimalawo modules n’okwongera ku volumetric efficiency.

Obulamu bw’enzirukanya bukiikirira omuwendo gw’enzirukanya z’okufulumya chajingi-nga obusobozi tebunnakendeera okutuuka ku bitundu 80% eby’olubereberye. LFP esinga wano n’enzirukanya 2,000-4,000, bw’ogeraageranya ne 1,000-2,000 ku NMC ne 500-1,000 ku LCO. Obulamu buno obw’enjawulo bufuula LFP okuba ennungi ennyo mu kutereka amaanyi agatali gakyukakyuka, nga bbaatule ziyinza okutambula buli lunaku okumala emyaka 10-15. NMC eya nickel omungi evunda mangu olw’obutabeera mu ntebenkevu mu nsengekera n’enkolagana y’ebbali ku vvulovumenti ennene, ekyetaagisa okuddukanya obulungi ebbugumu.

Engeri z’obukuumi zisibuka ku kutebenkera kw’ebbugumu n’eddagala. LFP eraga obukuumi obw’enjawulo-obukwakkulizo bwayo obw’amaanyi obwa P-O buziyiza okufulumya okisigyeni mu biseera by’ebbugumu, era ekintu tekiyita mu kuvunda kwa bbugumu okuva waggulu wa diguli 270 . NMC ne NCA cathodes zivunda ku bbugumu erya wansi (200-250℃) ne zifulumya oxygen ayinza okufuuwa amafuta mu bbugumu okudduka. Kino kye kinnyonnyola lwaki LFP efuga akatale ka EV mu China, ng’obukuumi bw’ebbugumu bufuna okwekenneenya okusingawo okuva mu mateeka.

Obusobozi bw’amaanyi businziira ku miwendo gy’okusaasaana kwa lithium-ion n’obutambuzi bw’obusannyalazo. Ensengekera ya LMO ey’ebitundu bisatu-esobozesa entambula ya ion ey’amangu, ewagira emiwendo gy’okufulumya okutuuka ku 20C-ekitegeeza nti bbaatule mu ndowooza esobola okufulumya obusobozi bwayo obujjuvu mu ddakiika 3 zokka. NMC ne NCA zitera okukwata emiwendo gya 1-3C, ate LFP eddukanya 1C egenda mu maaso n’okubutuka kw’entikko ya 5C nga yinginiya bulungi.

Ebbugumu erikola likosa omulimu mu mbeera z’obudde ezisukkiridde. LFP efiirwa obusobozi obw’amaanyi ennyo mu mbeera y’obudde ennyogovu olw’okukendeera kw’okutambula kwa lithium-ion ku bbugumu eri wansi. NMC ne NCA zikuuma omulimu omulungi mu mbeera y’obudde ennyogovu- naye zeetaaga okuddukanya obulungi ebbugumu okuziyiza ebbugumu erisukkiridde mu mbeera y’obudde obw’ebbugumu. Abamu ku bakola kati bakozesa enkola za bbaatule nga tebannaba kubugumya okusobozesa LFP okukola mu butale bw’obukiikakkono.

cathode active material

Nga bbaatule bwe yeeyongera okwanguwa, okuddamu okukola ebintu bya katodi kifuuse kikulu nnyo mu kuyimirizaawo enkola y’okugaba ebintu n’obuvunaanyizibwa ku butonde bw’ensi. Enkola ssatu enkulu ez’okuddamu okukola ebintu zivuddeyo: ebyuma ebikozesa amazzi, ebyuma ebikuba ebyuma, n’okuzza obuggya obutereevu.

Enkola z’ebyuma eby’amazzi zisaanuusa ebintu bya katodi mu biwujjo bya asidi, olwo ne zilonda okutonnya n’okulongoosa ebyuma ssekinnoomu. Enkola eno ezzaawo lithium, nickel, cobalt, ne manganese ku 95-99% efficiency naye ekola amazzi amakyafu amangi ne kasasiro w’eddagala. Enkola ya Ascend Elements eriko patent ya Hydro-to-Cathode® erongoosa ku byuma eby’amazzi eby’ennono ng’emalawo emitendera egy’omu makkati egituuka ku 15 n’okukendeeza ku kaboni afulumizibwa ebitundu 49% bw’ogeraageranya n’okukola ebintu ebitali bimu.

Okuddamu okukola ebintu mu ngeri ya pyrometallurgical kusaanuusa bbaatule ku bbugumu erya waggulu okukola aloy z’ebyuma, nga muno mwe muggyibwamu ebintu eby’omuwendo. Wadde nga kyangu era nga kisobola okukola ku bbaatule zonna awatali kulongoosebwa kwa maanyi nga tekunnabaawo, pyrometallurgy enywa amaanyi mangi era efiirwa lithium okutuuka ku slag. Omukka ogufuluma mu bbanga okuva mu kulongoosa ebyuma ebiyitibwa pyrometallurgical gukubisaamu emirundi ebiri egy’enkola z’amazzi.

Okuzza obuggya obutereevu kukiikirira enkola empya-okuddaabiriza ebintu bya katodi ebivunze okusinga okubimenyaamenya okutuuka ku byuma ebikola. Enkola eno erimu okwawula ebintu ebikola okuva mu bisiba n’ebikung’aanya kasasiro, olwo ne tuddamu okujjuza lithium eyabula okuyita mu solid-state sintering, hydrothermal treatment, oba okulongoosa omunnyo ogusaanuuse. Okuzza obuggya obutereevu kyetaagisa amaanyi matono ebitundu 60-80% okusinga okuddamu okukola nga kwesigamiziddwa ku kuggyamu era tekivaamu mazzi macaafu. Okunoonyereza okwakakolebwa kulaga nti katodi za NMC ezizzeemu obutereevu zisobola okukwatagana oba okusukka omulimu gw’ebintu ebitali bimu.

Redwood Materials eddukanya ekifo ekisooka eky’obusuubuzi-scale cathode recycling mu Amerika, nga kikola ttani 30,000 buli mwaka nga obusobozi bwayo bugenda ku ttani 60,000 ku nkomerero ya 2024. Enkola yaabwe ey’obwannannyini ey’okukendeeza ku bbugumu ekolebwa ddala amaanyi agasigaddewo ku nkomerero-ya bbaatule z’ebiramu, okumalawo ebifo eby’edda okukozesa amafuta. Ekifo kino kizzaawo ebitundu 95% ebya lithium okuva mu bifunfugu bya bbaatule ne kikifuula ebisookerwako bya katodi eby’omutindo ogwa waggulu-ebikosa obutonde bw’ensi obutono okusinga okusima okusookerwako.

Ebiragiro by’omukago gwa Bulaaya ebikwata ku paasipooti za bbaatule, okutandika okuva mu 2027, bigenda kulagira ebirimu ebitono ebiddamu okukozesebwa mu bbaatule empya n’obwerufu mu nkola yonna ey’okugaba ebintu. Enkola eno evuddeko obuwumbi bwa Euro obusoba mu buna n’ekitundu okussa ssente mu bikozesebwa mu kuddamu okukola ebintu okuva mu 2022, ng’ebifo bitegekeddwa mu Girimaani, Sweden, ne Hungary.

Okunoonyereza kukyagenda mu maaso n’okusika ensalo z’omutindo gwa katodi nga bwe kukola ku kusoomoozebwa kw’omuwendo n’okuyimirizaawo. Enkulaakulana eziwerako ezisuubiza zigenda mu maaso okutuuka ku by’okutunda.

Obutundutundu bwa NMC obwa kirisitaalo emu-budda mu kifo ky’ensengekera ya polikirisitaalo eriwo kati. Single crystals emalawo ensalosalo z’empeke enjatika we zitandikira, okulongoosa ennyo obulamu bw’enzirukanya n’okutebenkera kw’ebyuma. CATL n’abakola ebirala batandise okugezesa okufulumya katodi za kirisita emu-zikuuma obusobozi bwa 90% oluvannyuma lw’enzirukanya 4,000-okukubisaamu emirundi ebiri obulamu bwa NMC eya bulijjo.

Lithium-rich manganese-based cathodes (LMR-NMC) zisobola okutuusa obusobozi obusukka mu 250 mAh/g nga zikozesa zombi ekyuma ekikyukakyuka ne oxygen redox reactions. Wabula, okufa kwa vvulovumenti mu kiseera ky’okuvuga obugaali n’obusobozi obubi obw’omutindo bifuddeyo okutwalibwa mu by’obusuubuzi okutono. Enkulaakulana gye buvuddeko mu nkola z’okukozesa ebiragalalagala n’okusiiga ku ngulu egenda kukola ku kusoomoozebwa kuno, nga kkampuni eziwerako zitunuulidde okuleetebwa ku katale omwaka 2026 we gunaatuukira.

Enkola ezirimu manganese-zigenderera okukendeeza ku kwesigama ku nickel ne cobalt ate nga zikuuma omulimu gwa waggulu. BASF yalagira ekyuma eky’okugezesa mu March 2024 naddala ku cathodes ezirimu manganese-, nga ekimanyi nti manganese egula emirundi 10-20 okusinga nickel. Ebirungo ebirimu Mn ebirongooseddwa bituuka ku bitundu 85-90% ku bungi bw’amasoboza ga NMC 811 ku ssente entono ennyo.

Battery za sodium-ion ezikozesa katodi za bbululu eza Prussia ziwa okuggyawo ddala lithium ne cobalt. Wadde nga density y’amasoboza esigala wansi okusinga lithium-ion (140-160 Wh/kg), obungi bwa sodium n’omuwendo omutono bigifuula esikiriza okutereka mu kifo ekitali kikyukakyuka ne EV ez’ebanga ettono-. Kkampuni y’Abachina ekola bbaatule za CATL yatandika okukola bbaatule za sodium-ion mu bungi mu 2023, ng’amasoboza gasuubirwa okutuuka ku 200 Wh/kg mu mwaka gwa 2027.

Battery z’embeera enkalu-zisuubiza okukyusa mu nkola ya katodi nga zikyusa obusannyalazo obw’amazzi ne zissaamu seramiki oba polimeeri enkalu. Kino kisobozesa okukozesa ebintu bya katodi ebya vvulovumenti eya waggulu-ne ne anode z’ebyuma bya lithium, ebiyinza okutuuka ku 400-500 Wh/kg ku ddaala ly’obutoffaali-kumpi tekinologiya wa kasasiro ow’emirundi ebiri. Wabula bbaatule za solid-state zisanga okusoomoozebwa mu kukola scalability n’okuziyiza interfacial. Kkampuni eziwerako omuli QuantumScape, Solid Power, ne Toyota zitunuulidde okufulumya eby’obusuubuzi wakati wa 2025-2030.

Okugatta amagezi ag’ekikugu n’okuyiga kw’ebyuma mu nkulaakulana ya katodi kwanguyiza ebiseera by’okuzuula. Abanoonyereza kati bakozesa enkola z’okubalirira okwekenneenya enkumi n’enkumi z’ebitonde ebiyinza okubaawo, nga balagula eby’obugagga byabwe eby’amasannyalaze nga tebannaba kusengejja. Enkola eno gye buvuddeko yazuula ebintu ebiwerako ebipya ebiyitibwa high-entropy cathode materials ebiraga okutebenkera okw’ekika ekya waggulu n’okukuuma obusobozi.

cathode active material

Emiwendo gy’ebintu ebisookerwako gikola ebitundu 70-80% ku nsaasaanya ya katodi. Lithium, nickel, ne cobalt bye bisinga okuvuga ssente, nga cobalt y’esinga ebbeeyi ku doola 25,000-35,000 buli ttani. Obuzibu bw’okulongoosa era bukosa nsaasaanya-katodi za nikele eziri waggulu zeetaaga okufuga obulongoofu okukakali n’embeera z’okukola, ekyongera ku nsaasaanya y’okufulumya. LFP cathodes zigula 30-40% wansi okusinga NMC okusinga olw’okukozesa ekyuma ekingi mu kifo ky’okukozesa nickel ne cobalt ebitono.

Okutabula ebika bya katodi mu kiseera ky’okuddamu okukola kikendeeza ku bulungibwansi n’omutindo gw’ebintu. NMC, NCA, ne LFP zirina ebirungo by’eddagala eby’enjawulo ebyetaagisa ebipimo by’okulongoosa eby’enjawulo. Wabula abakola okuddamu okukola ebintu nga Redwood Materials ne Li-Cycle bakoze enkola ezikyukakyuka ezisobola okukwata ebikozesebwa ebitabuddwa nga basunsula bbaatule nga tebannalongoosa oba okutereeza eddagala. Okunoonyereza okumu kulaga nti okutabula mu bugenderevu ebika bya katodi ebitongole mu migerageranyo egifugibwa kiyinza okukola ebintu ebipya ebirina eby’obugagga eby’omu makkati, wadde nga kino kisigala nga kya kugezesa.

LFP cathodes mu butonde zirina obukuumi olw’okukwatagana okw’amaanyi okwa phosphate okuziyiza okufulumya oxygen mu biseera by’ebbugumu. Teziyita mu kudduka okutuusa ng'ebbugumu lisukka diguli 270 . Nickel-rich cathodes (NMC 811, NCA) zitandika okuvunda nga diguli 200 ne zifulumya oxygen eyanguya okudduka okw’ebbugumu. Kino kinnyonnyola obungi bw’omuliro gwa bbaatule mu EV ez’amasoboza amangi-density nga zikozesa kemiko ezirimu nickel-. Wabula enkola ez’omulembe ez’okuddukanya bbaatule n’okufuga ebbugumu bifudde bbaatule za NMC ezikkirizibwa okuba ez’obukuumi ku mirimu egisinga obungi.

Iron contamination is particularly problematic-even trace amounts (>10 ppm) esobola okuleeta short circuits ez’omunda n’okufa kw’obusobozi. Salufa, vanadiyamu, ne kalisiyamu nabyo byonoona omulimu nga bitaataaganya ensengekera ya kirisitaalo n’okwongera ku impedansi. Ebintu ebisookerwako eby’obulongoofu obwa waggulu-bitera okutuuka ku bulongoofu bwa 99.5-99.9% nga ekyuma kiri wansi wa 5 ppm. Ebintu bya katodi ebiddamu okukozesebwa birina okulongoosebwa ennyo okuggya obucaafu obukung’aanyiziddwa okuva mu bulamu bwa bbaatule obw’emabega.

Ebintu ebikola cathode bituula ku nkulungo ya ssaayansi w’ebintu, electrochemistry, ne manufacturing engineering. Enkulaakulana egenda mu maaso eya kemiko wa katodi-okutebenkeza omulimu, omuwendo, n’okuyimirizaawo-mu musingi ejja kukola sipiidi y’okwettanira mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze n’okuteekebwa mu nkola okutereka amaanyi agazzibwawo mu myaka kkumi egijja.